63 research outputs found
Polysaccharides from the infusions of P. tridentatum, F. angustifoliaand M. suaveolens
The use of plant infusions for medicinal purposes is present in secular traditions of all civilizations. In Portugal, in TrĂĄs-os-Montes region, the small shrub (Pterospartum tridentatum), the narrow-leafed ash (Fraxinus angustifolia), and the apple mint (Mentha suaveolens) are plants used for such purposes. According to the popular tradition, the infusions of P. Tridentatum, F. Angustifolia, and M. suaveolens protect against diabetes, high blood pressure, high levels of cholesterol, and uric acid [1].These health benefits are associated with the presence of phenolic compounds, essential oils, and polysaccharides, among others. Although phenolic compounds and essential oils have been studied in detail for more than two decades, the structures of the polysaccharides present in plant infusions and their involvement in the health benefits is still incipient. Infusions were prepared in two different ways: a traditional method, consisting in the infusion of the vegetal material with boiling water during five minutes (Method A), and a more intensive method, consisting in the infusion of the vegetal material with boiling water during four hours (Method B). The high molecular weight material was obtained by concentrating and dialyzing the extracts obtained by Methods A and B. The high molecular weight material obtained with the Method B contained more glycosidic material than the obtained with Method A. The high molecular weight material was fractionated using ethanol precipitation yielding fractions especially rich in uronic acids besides considerable amounts of arabinose, galactose, glucose and rhamnose, suggesting the presence of pectic polysaccharides. Detailed monomeric composition and glycosidic linkages of each fraction will be presented
Composição glicosĂdica e actividade antioxidante de extractos de infusĂ”es de folhas de freixo (Fraxinus angustifolia)
Neste trabalho foram preparadas infusĂ”es de folhas de freixo secas. Cada infusĂŁo foi dividida em duas fracçÔes, tendo uma sido utilizada para a obtenção do material polimĂ©rico por diĂĄlise (Dial) e a outra submetida a uma extracção em fase sĂłlida C18, sendo a fase aquosa recolhida composta pelo material nĂŁo retido (C18 H2O) e a fracção de metanol composta pelo material retido e eluĂdo neste solvente (C18 MeOH). A anĂĄlise da composição glicosĂdica mostrou que a fracção C18 H2O era rica em glucose e manose; a fracção C18 MeOH era rica em glucose e a fracção Dial era rica em ĂĄcidos urĂłnicos, arabinose, galactose e glucose. A fracção C18 H2O era a mais pobre em compostos fenĂłlicos e a que apresentou menor actividade antirradicalar. As fracçÔes C18 MeOH e Dial apresentaram actividades antirradicalares semelhantes entre si, apesar de possuĂrem quantidades de compostos fenĂłlicos totais distintas. A fracção Dial, constituĂda por material de peso molecular superior a 12-14 kDa, foi ainda sujeita a uma anĂĄlise de ligaçÔes glicosĂdicas, atravĂ©s da anĂĄlise por GC-MS dos respectivos acetatos de alditol parcialmente metilados. O resultado obtido permitiu inferir a presença de resĂduos glicosĂdicos caracterĂsticos de arabinogalactanas do tipo II, xiloglucanas e xilanas
Isolation and characterization of polysaccharides from Fraxinus angustifolia infusions
In folk medicine there is a great variety of plants that are used for as infusions, such as Camellia sinensis and Matricaria recutita. Despite the reported biological activities and health benefits of these infusions, most of the knowledge achieved so far is based on folk tradition passed over several generations, without a sound scientific basis.
In TrĂĄs-os-Montes region, the dried leaves of the narrow-leafed ash âfreixoâ (Fraxinus angustifolia) are used for medicinal purposes, particularly against high levels of cholesterol, blood pressure and uric acid. These health benefits are associated with the presence of biologically active compounds such as phenolic compounds, essential oils, and polysaccharides, among others. Although phenolic compounds and essential oils have been studied in detail for more than two decades, the structures of the polysaccharides present in plant infusions and their involvement in the health benefits is still incipient. Therefore, in this work we present a study regarding the structure of the polysaccharides present in the infusions of âfreixoâ dried leaves.
âFreixoâ leaves were collected and dried according to the popular tradition and used for the preparation of the infusions. The polysaccharides were recovered by dialysis, fractionated by ethanol precipitation and anion exchange chromatography, yielding fractions with distinct ethanol solubility and uronic acid content. Sugar and linkage analysis evidenced the presence of pectic polysaccharides, frequently reported as immunostimulatory active. The assessment of the biological activity of these fractions is in progress
Monomeric composition and linkage analysis of the polysaccharides present in the infusions of Fraxinus angustifolia leaves
In the TrĂĄs-os-Montes region, the use of infusions of Fraxinus angustifolia dried leaves as a protection against high levels of cholesterol, blood pressure and uric acid is widespread. Pectic polysaccharides isolated from the infusions of some medicinal plants have been reported as biologically active [1,2]. Pectic poly-saccharides have been described as structurally complex polymers, exhibiting different polymeric building blocks: homogalacturonans (HG), rhamnogalacturonans-I (RG-I), rhamnogalacturonans-II (RG-II) and xylogalacturonans (XG) [3]. The backbone of RG-I can be partly substituted with various side chains, such as arabinans, type-I and type-II arabinogalactans (AG-I and AG-II). The aim of this work is to provide a first insight of the nature of the pectic polysaccharides present in the infusions of F. angustifolia dried leaves
Polysaccharide composition of Fraxinus angustifolia Leave infusions
The use of plant infusions with medicinal purposes, such as the ones from members of the Fraxinus genus, is an ancient practice that has been reported by popular medicine [1]. The health benefits are associated with the presence of phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, among others [2]. Although phenolic compounds have been studied in detail for more than two decades, the characterization of the polysaccharides present in plant infusions and their involvement in the health benefits is still incipient.
The polysaccharides of F. angustifolia dried leaves were recovered by dialysis (12-14 kDa cut-off). The high molecular weight material comprised approximately 2% of the total soluble material obtained from the infusions. Total sugars in fraction were 27%, with a monomeric composition rich in Ara (15.2 ± 1.9 %), Gal (17.7 ± 0.4 %), Glc (30.1 ± 1.3 %) and uronic acids (18.9 ± 2.9 %). Analysis of the glycosidic linkage composition showed the presence of (1â6)-, (1â3,6)- and (1â3)-Gal with a proportion of 5:3:1, respectively, and also a high percentage of Ara terminally linked, diagnostic of the presence of Type II arabinogalactans [3]. Similar features have been reported in biological active Type II pectic arabinogalactans obtained from aqueous extracts of the roots of C. tinctorium [4].
The EC50 for the antioxidant activity (DPPH radical assay) was 0.34±0.04 mg/mL, showing lower antioxidant activity than that reported for aqueous extracts of hazel leaves (0.16-0.20 mg/mL) [5], but higher than that reported for the table olives ââalcaparrasââ aqueous extracts (0.47± 0.03) [6].
The high molecular weight material was fractionated by ethanol precipitation in four distinct fractions: WI, a cold water insoluble residue (20.3% yield); Et50, material precipitated with 50% ethanol (17.9%); Et75, material precipitated with 75% ethanol (21.1%); and SN, material that remained soluble in 75% ethanol solution (40.7%). Fractions Et50, Et75 and SN were submitted to solid phase extraction (C18 cartridge). The Et50 and Et75 C18 non-retained fractions were rich in Ara (13.5-17.2%), Gal (27.1-35.7%) and uronic acids (25.9-35.2%), suggesting the occurrence of heterogeneous pectic arabinogalactans.
NMR experiments are in progress in order to evaluate the detailed structure of the type II pectic arabinogalactans isolated from the infusions of dried leaves of F. angustifolia
Produção e tecnologia de cereais: processo de maltagem da cevada
O processo de maltagem da cevada consiste na germinação e secagem controlada
do cereal, tendo como principal objetivo a obtenção de um produto com atividade
enzimĂĄtica, coloração e estabilidade adequadas. Ă possĂvel obter maltes com
caracterĂsticas bastante distintas, no que se refere Ă sua cor e atividade enzimĂĄtica, o que
tambĂ©m possibilita a obtenção de cervejas com diferentes caracterĂsticas. Com este
trabalho pretende-se descrever o processo de maltagem da cevada, abordando numa fase
inicial a estrutura e composição quĂmica do grĂŁo de cevada. SerĂŁo tambĂ©m descritas as
principais modificaçÔes quĂmicas que ocorrem ao nĂvel dos principais componentes
quĂmicos do grĂŁo de cevada.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Produção e tecnologia de cereais: notas breves sobre o cultivo de cevada em Portugal
A cevada Ă© o principal cereal usado no fabrico de cerveja. Portugal Ă© um produtor
modesto de cevada, pelo que a indĂșstria cervejeira nacional funciona com base em cevada
importada. Em Portugal a cevada cultiva-se quase exclusivamente em sequeiro, sendo as
produçÔes unitårias de grão muito baixas quando comparadas com as produtividades
obtidas em paĂses situados a latitudes mais elevadas. Neste trabalho procuram explicar-se
as causas das baixas produtividades obtidas em Portugal. Sobretudo interessa saber se as
baixas produtividades sĂŁo devidas a causas naturais ou se podem ser alteradas com a
introdução de melhorias nas técnicas de cultivo. O trabalho estå organizado em quatro
tópicos principais: origem e situação atual da cultura; aspetos botùnicos e morfologia da
planta; adaptação ecológica da cevada; e técnica cultural. Discutem-se ainda brevemente
alguns critérios a observar na escolha das cultivares e como esta espécie estå integrada
nas rotaçÔes.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Polysaccharides from the infusions of P. tridentatum, F. angustifolia, and M. suaveolens
The use of plant infusions for medicinal purposes is present in secular traditions of all civilizations. In Portugal, in TrĂĄs-os-Montes region, the small shrub (Pterospartum tridentatum), the narrow-leafed ash (Fraxinus angustifolia), and the apple mint (Mentha suaveolens) are plants used for such purposes. According to the popular tradition, the infusions of P. Tridentatum, F. Angustifolia, and M. suaveolens protect against diabetes, high blood pressure, high levels of cholesterol, and uric acid [1].These health benefits are associated with the presence of phenolic compounds, essential oils, and polysaccharides, among others. Although phenolic compounds and essential oils have been studied in detail for more than two decades, the structures of the polysaccharides present in plant infusions and their involvement in the health benefits is still incipient. Infusions were prepared in two different ways: a traditional method, consisting in the infusion of the vegetal material with boiling water during five minutes (Method A), and a more intensive method, consisting in the infusion of the vegetal material with boiling water during four hours (Method B). The high molecular weight material was obtained by concentrating and dialyzing the extracts obtained by Methods A and B. The high molecular weight material obtained with the Method B contained more glycosidic material than the obtained with Method A. The high molecular weight material was fractionated using ethanol precipitation yielding fractions especially rich in uronic acids besides considerable amounts of arabinose, galactose, glucose and rhamnose, suggesting the presence of pectic polysaccharides. Detailed monomeric composition and glycosidic linkages of each fraction will be presented
Caracterização da estrutura e atividade biolĂłgica dos polissacarĂdeos presentes em infusĂ”es utilizadas na medicina popular
Doutoramento em QuĂmicaThe use of plants with medicinal purposes is an ancient practice still very
common in developing regions, and is rapidly spreading in industrialized
countries. This fact is evidenced by the large number of ethnobotanical studies
found in the literature referring that these plants are often used as decoctions
and infusions. In most studies the reported biological activities are attributed to
the presence of phenolic compounds, due to their antioxidant properties, and to
polysaccharides, with its anti-tumoral properties.
In âTrĂĄs-os-Montesâ region, some of the most popular infusions used by the
popular medicine are prepared with the dried leaves of Fraxinus angustifolia,
the dried shoots of Mentha suaveolens, and the dried inflorescences of
Pterospartum tridentatum. However, there are no studies about the
polysaccharides present in these infusions. Thus, through the structural
characterization of the polysaccharides present in the infusions of F.
angustifolia, M. suaveolens, and P. tridentatum, the present PhD thesis intends
to evaluate the possible relation between polysaccharides and the
immunostimulatory activity that these infusions might present.
In a preliminary phase, infusions of F. angustifolia were prepared according to
the popular tradition, and it was observed that the obtained water soluble
material contained approximately 85% of material non-retained in C18
cartridges, with hydrophilic characteristics, with the remaining 15% comprising
retained-material with hydrophobic characteristics. It was also shown that the
infusions only contained between 2 and 4% of high molecular weight material
(HMWM), which comprised approximately 30% of carbohydrate material. Sugar
and methylation analysis of the HMWM suggested the presence of pectic
polysaccharides, together with type II arabinogalactans, mannans, and
xyloglucans. However, the amount of material obtained is to low for the
fractionation, and structural analysis of the polysaccharides present. The 4 h
decoction, divided in two periods of 2 h, with water renewal, allowed to increase
the HMWM yield, relatively to the infusions traditional infusions. It was also
observed that the decoction also allowed to increase the HMWM proportion of
carbohydrate material, due to an increase in the proportion of uronic acid
present, although the neutral sugar residues seemed to be detected in similar
proportions. Therefore, in all the experiments subsequently performed, the
HMWM used was obtained through the decoction of F. angustifolia dried
leaves, M. suaveolens dried shoots, and P. tridentatum dried inflorescences.
x
After the fractionation, through ethanol precipitation, and anion exchange
chromatography, of the polysaccharides from the HMWM obtained by the
decoction of the vegetable material of the distinct studied plants, it was
observed the presence of high proportions of pectic polysaccharides,
containing type I arabinogalactans, together with minor proportions of type II
arabinogalactans, mannans, and xyloglucans.
The presence of pectic polysaccharides in the extracts from F. angustifolia
was also evidenced through endo-polygalacturonase treatment, and ESI-MS
and ESI-MS/MS experiments. The detection of linked pentose and uronic acid
residues, also seemed to suggest the presence of xylogalacturonan domains in
the pectic polysaccharides from F. angustifolia.
The extracts from F. angustifolia dried leaves also contained type II
arabinogalactans that exhibited a higher structural diversity than those detected
in the M. suaveolens, and P. tridentatum extracts, particularly in the substitution
degree of the galactan backbone, and in the extension of the (1â5)-Araf side
chains. Moreover, for all the plants studied, it was also observed that the type II
arabinogalactans, extracted during the 2nd 2h of the extraction process,
exhibited a substitution degree of the galactan backbone higher than those
extracted during the 1st 2h.
The extracts from P. tridentatum dried inflorescences contained higher
proportions of mannans, and also of xyloglucans, both presenting a substitution
degree higher than those, which were detected in lower proportion in the
extracts of F. angustifolia and M. suaveolens. Through ESI-MS and ESI-MS/MS
it was possible to evidence that the mannans present in the extracts of P.
tridentatum presented acetyl groups on the O-2 of the mannosyl residues. It
was also evidenced that the P. tridentatum mannans were more extensively
acetylated than the mannans detected in the coffee infusion, LBG, and other
non-conventional mannan sources. Moreover, it was detected the presence of
oligosaccharides comprising hexose residues linked to non acetylated pentose
residues, suggesting the possible presence of arabinose residues in the
mannans from P. tridentatum extracts.
The immunostimulatory activity of three fractions isolated from the extracts
of F. angustifolia, M. suaveolens, and P. tridentatum, was tested and an
increase in the NO production by macrophages, without compromising their
cellular viability, was observed. The type I, and type II arabinogalactans
detected in the extracts from F. angustifolia, and M. suaveolens seem to have
contributed for the observed immunostimulatory activity.
For the fraction from P. tridentatum, the mannans acetylation, and the
presence of type I, and type II arabinogalactans seemed to contribute for the
macrophage immunostimulatory activity observed. The possible presence of
storage xyloglucans from the inflorescences seeds, also seems to have
contributed for the immunostimulatory activity registered when the
macrophages were stimulated with higher extract concentrations.
The results obtained allow to conclude that the extracts of F. angustifolia
dried leaves, M. suaveolens dried shoots, and P. tridentatum dried
inflorescences contained high proportions of pectic polysaccharides, exhibiting
type I arabinogalactans, together with other polysaccharides, such as type II
arabinogalactans, mannans, and xyloglucans. This polysaccharide mixture
seems to have contributed to the immunostimulatory activity of fractions
isolated from the extracts of the studied plants. Therefore, as the same type of
polysaccharides seem to be present in the decoctions and in the infusions, it
seems possible that the polysaccharides might contribute for the therapeutic
properties frequently associated by the popular tradition to the infusions of
these plants.O uso de plantas com fins medicinais Ă© uma prĂĄtica antiga, ainda bastante
frequente em regiĂ”es de paĂses em desenvolvimento, e que se tem vindo a
disseminar em paĂses mais industrializados. Este facto Ă© suportado pelo
elevado nĂșmero de estudos etnobotĂąnicos, onde se refere que estas plantas
são frequentemente usadas na forma de decocçÔes e infusÔes. Na maioria dos
estudos as atividades biológicas são associadas à presença de compostos
fenĂłlicos e Ă s suas propriedades antioxidantes, assim como aos
polissacarĂdeos, nomeadamente devido Ă s propriedades antitumorais.
Na região de Trås-os-Montes, algumas das infusÔes mais utilizadas pela
medicina popular tĂȘm por base as folhas secas do freixo (Fraxinus
angustifolia), a parte aérea seca do mondrasto (Mentha suaveolens) e as
inflorescĂȘncias secas da carqueja (Pterospartum tridentatum). No entanto, nĂŁo
existe nenhum estudo sobre os polissacarĂdeos presentes nas infusĂ”es das
folhas secas do freixo (Fraxinus angustifolia), da parte aérea do mondrasto
(Mentha suaveolens) ou das inflorescĂȘncias da carqueja (Pterospartum
tridentatum). Deste modo, com a presente dissertação pretende-se, através da
caracterização estrutural dos polissacarĂdeos presentes nas infusĂ”es de F.
angustifolia, M. suaveolens e P. tridentatum, avaliar a possĂvel relação entre os
polissacarĂdeos e a atividade imunoestimuladora que estas infusĂ”es possam
apresentar.
Numa primeira fase, foram preparadas infusÔes tradicionais de F.
angustifolia, tendo-se mostrado que o material solĂșvel das infusĂ”es continha
cerca de 85% de material nĂŁo retido em cartuchos C18 com caracterĂsticas
hidrofĂlicas, sendo os restantes 15% compostos por material retido de
caracterĂsticas hidrofĂłbicas. Mostrou-se ainda que as infusĂ”es obtidas apenas
continham cerca de 2 a 4% de material de alto peso molecular (HMWM), que
era composto por cerca de 30% de carboidratos. A anĂĄlise de açĂșcares e a
anĂĄlise de metilação do HMWM sugeriu a presença de polissacarĂdeos
pécticos, em conjunto com arabinogalactanas do tipo II, mananas e
xiloglucanas. No entanto, a quantidade de material obtido Ă© muito baixa para o
fracionamento e a anĂĄlise estrutural dos polissacarĂdeos presentes. A
decocção de 4 h, divididas em 2 perĂodos de 2 h, com renovação da ĂĄgua,
permitiu um aumento no rendimento em HMWM, relativamente às infusÔes
tradicionais. Verificou-se ainda, que a decocção também permitiu aumentar a
proporção de carboidratos no HMWM, particularmente devido ao aumento da
proporção de ĂĄcido urĂłnico presente, embora os resĂduos de açĂșcares neutros
se encontrassem em proporção semelhante. Deste modo, em todas as
experiĂȘncias realizadas posteriormente, o HMWM utilizado foi obtido atravĂ©s
da decocção das folhas secas de F. angustifolia, da parte aérea seca de M.
suaveolens e das inflorescĂȘncias secas de P. tridentatum. ApĂłs fracionamento por precipitação em etanol e cromatografia de troca
aniĂłnica dos polissacarĂdeos presentes no HMWM obtido atravĂ©s da decocção
dos materiais vegetais das diferentes plantas estudadas, verificou-se a
presença de elevadas proporçÔes de polissacarĂdeos pĂ©cticos, contendo
arabinogalactanas do tipo I, em conjunto com menores proporçÔes de
arabinogalactanas do tipo II, mananas e xiloglucanas.
A presença de polissacarĂdeos pĂ©cticos nos extratos de F. angustifolia foi
também evidenciada através do tratamento enzimåtico com endopoligalacturonase
e de experiĂȘncias de ESI-MS e ESI-MS/MS. A deteção de
resĂduos de pentose ligados a resĂduos de ĂĄcido urĂłnico tambĂ©m pareceu
indicar a presença de domĂnios de xilogalacturonana nos polissacarĂdeos
pécticos de F. angustifolia.
Os extratos das folhas secas de F. angustifolia mostraram conter
arabinogalactanas do tipo II com uma maior diversidade estrutural do que as
que foram detetadas nos extratos de M. suaveolens e P. tridentatum,
particularmente no que diz respeito Ă substituição das cadeias de (1â3)-Galp
e Ă extensĂŁo das cadeias laterais compostas por resĂduos de (1â5)-Araf. Para
além disso, verificou-se que, para todas as plantas estudadas, as
arabinogalactanas do tipo II presentes nas fraçÔes obtidas durante a segunda
parte do processo de extração apresentaram uma substituição das cadeias de
(1â3)-Galp maior do que as extraĂdas durante a primeira parte da extração.
Os extratos das inflorescĂȘncias de P. tridentatum continham maiores
proporçÔes de mananas e de xiloglucanas, tendo-se detetado estruturas que
apresentaram um maior grau de substituição do que as que foram detetadas
em menores proporçÔes nos extratos de F. angustifolia e M. suaveolens.
AtravĂ©s das tĂ©cnicas de ESI-MS e ESI-MS/MS, foi possĂvel demonstrar que as
mananas presentes nos extratos de P. tridentatum se encontravam acetiladas
no O-2 dos resĂduos de manose. Verificou-se que as mananas presentes nos
extratos de P. tridentatum se encontravam acetiladas em maior extensĂŁo do
que as mananas detetadas na infusão do café, na goma de alfarroba e em
outras fontes não convencionais de mananas. Para além disso, também foram
detetados oligossacarĂdeos contendo resĂduos de pentose, ligados a resĂduos
de hexose, sugerindo a presença de resĂduos de arabinose na estrutura das
mananas de P. tridentatum.
A atividade imunoestimuladora de trĂȘs fraçÔes isoladas a partir dos extratos
de F. angustifolia, M. suaveolens e P. tridentatum foi avaliada, tendo-se
observado o aumento da produção de NO por parte de macrófagos, sem
comprometer a sua viabilidade celular. As arabinogalactanas do tipo I e II
parecem contribuir para a atividade imunoestimuladora observada nas fraçÔes
dos extratos de F. angustifolia e de M. suaveolens
No caso da fração obtida a partir dos extratos de P. tridentatum, a
acetilação das mananas, bem como a presença de arabinogalactanas do tipo I
e II parecem ter contribuĂdo para a atividade imunoestimuladora dos
macrĂłfagos observada. A possĂvel presença de xiloglucanas de
armazenamento, provenientes das sementes das inflorescĂȘncias de P.
tridentatum, também poderå contribuir para a atividade imunoestimuladora
observada quando os macrĂłfagos foram estimulados com maiores
concentraçÔes de extrato.
Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que os extratos das folhas secas
de F. angustifolia, da parte aĂ©rea de M. suaveolens e das inflorescĂȘncias de P.
tridentatum contĂȘm elevadas proporçÔes de polissacarĂdeos pĂ©cticos,
contendo arabinogalactanas do tipo I, misturados com outros polissacarĂdeos,
tais como arabinogalactanas do tipo II, mananas e xiloglucanas. Esta mistura
de polissacarĂdeos mostrou contribuir para a atividade imunoestimuladora de
fraçÔes isoladas a partir dos extratos das plantas estudadas. Deste modo, e
como o mesmo tipo de polissacarĂdeos parece estar presente nas infusĂ”es e
decoçÔes, Ă© possĂvel que os polissacarĂdeos possam contribuir para as
propriedades terapĂȘuticas frequentemente atribuĂdas pela tradição popular Ă s
infusÔes destas plantas
Food products in two cosmetic formulations: determination of the stability and toxicity
The cosmetic market is extending to millions of consumers worldwide and its industry is worth tens of billions of US$ [ ]. The competitive environment and the demands made by the
consumers pushed the manufactures to develop new types of cosmetic products and to use new ingredients, such as bee products, to produce formulations with higher quality and efficacy.
The aim of this work was to develop two cosmetic formulations for topical application that combine bee products and essential oils from medicinal plants, as well it was to extract and analyse the essential oils of an edible wild mushrooms Clitocybe odora (Buli.) P. Kumm, grown in vitro, to understand the potential of it, as a source of bioactive compounds usable in
cosmetics. The effect of two different bee products (hydroalcoholic exti-act of propolis and two honeys of Lavandula ssp. with different geographic provenance) and essential oils from
two different species (Thymus Zygis L. subsp. Zygis and Mentha pulegium L.) was tested.
For that purpose, several preparations were elaborated to witch one essential oil and a bee product were added.
For each type of formulation, one preparation with essential oils but without a bee product was
also prepared. In relation to the bee products, the Lavandula spp. honey was used in the proportion of l :50 (v/m) and l :20 (v/m); the hydroalcoholic extract of propolis, using ethanol, was add in a concentration of5% (m/v). The concentration of essential oil used was 7. 86x10^g/g (e. o./ emulsion). Additionally was also tested the toxicity of the two essential oils and the
Clitocybe odora volatiles, through the LD50 determination, using Artemia Salina L..
To determine the effect of the bee products in the formulations stabilization were made physicochemical tests and stabilization tests. Was not verified alterations m the relative density of the samples, in the pH or in a vibration test made placing the samples 10 seconds in the vortex. When the samples were place during l 5 days in a daylight lamp, was observed,
by comparing with samples just with essential oil in the same conditions, that all the samples with propolis extract changed the colour and the odour. The effect of the bee products in the viscosity of the formulations was also tested. When using a lower spindle rotation velocity,
the use of the honey from the North of Portugal and of the propolis extract increased the
viscosity of the emulsions. Both the two essential oils tested as the in vitro Clitocybe odora volatiles show to have a LD50<0,1 mg/ml.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
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