Avaliação da atividade fotoquimiopreventiva das espécies vegetais provenientes do cerrado brasileiro : Erythroxylum daphnites Mart. e Erythroxylum suberosum A.St.-Hil

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, 2019.A exposição à radiação ultravioleta é um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças que acomentem a pele. As radiações UVA e UVB são responsáveis pela diminuição de sistemas antioxidantes cutâneos, pelo aumento de sistemas oxidantes e influenciam na alteração do balanço redox celular. Pensando-se em prevenir e criar terapias para doenças envolvidas com radiação solar, busca-se formas para restabelecer a homeostasia celular utilizando substâncias antioxidantes e sequestradoras de espécies reativas oxidativas. Extratos aquosos de Erytrhoxylum daphnites e Erythroxylum suberosum foram padronizados em relação aos: conteúdo de polifenóis, cromatografias de camada delgada CCD (CCD) e líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), atividade antioxidante por DPPH• e inibição da formação de complexo fosfomolibdênio. O IC50 capaz de inibir a atividade doadora de DPPH• foi estabelecido e a equivalência de ácido ascórbico dos lotes capazes de inibir a formação do complexo fosfomolibdênio foi avaliada. A citotoxicidade foi avaliada pelo ensaio de MTT em fibroblastos (3T3-L1). Formulações tópicas foram produzidas com a incorporação desses extratos e o FPS foi avaliado. O IC50 da atividade antioxidante avaliada variou de 5,15 a 7,97 µg/mL (E. daphnites) e 5,46 a 6,31 µg/mL (E. suberosum). Entre os lotes padronizados, a variação do equivalente de ácido ascórbico foi de 4,87 a 5,49 µg/mL (E. daphnites) e 4,02 a 6,17 µg/mL (E. suberosum). A CCD e a CLAE revelaram mesmo perfil cromatográfico para os lotes de E. daphnites com presença de ácido neoclorogênico. Os lotes de E. suberosum apresentaram mesmo perfil cromatográfico com presença de hiperosídeo em CCD e mesmo perfil cromatográfico por CLAE com presença de ácido neoclorogênico e hiperosídeo. De acordo com as diretrizes do RE N.º 899/03 da Anvisa, em consonância com a RDC 166/2017 e com base na IN Nº 4/14, a metodologia foi validada para os lotes de E. suberosum com o marcador hiperosídeo. Não foi observada citotoxicidade frente a linhagem celular quando utilizada a faixa de concentração variando de 0,02 a 1 mg/mL para as duas espécies de Erythroxylum. Ambas formulações apresentaram ~1 de FPS. Mesmo esses extratos não apresentando FPS satisfatório, foi observado potencial antioxidante dos extratos padronizados dessas espécies.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES); Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq); Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAP/DF) e Fundação de Empreendimentos Científicos e Tecnológicos (FINATEC).Exposure to ultraviolet radiation is risk factor for the development of skin diseases. The UVA and UVB radiations can are responsable for reduction of skin antioxidant systems, by the increase of oxidizing systems, influencing the cellular redox balance movement. In order to prevent and create therapies for diseases involving solar radiation, we looked for ways to restore cellular homeostasis, using antioxidant substances and hijacking reactive oxidative species Thus, aqueous extracts of Erythroxylum daphnites and Erythroxylum suberosum were standardized for their total solids content, yield, polyphenol content, antioxidante activty by DPPH• inhibition and by inhibition the formation of phosphomolybdenum complex, Thin Layer Chromatography TLC and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The IC50 capable of DPPH• inhibiting activity and ascorbic acid equivalence of inhibiting phosphomolybdenum complex were also established. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay in fibroblasts (3T3). Antioxidant activity evaluated in IC50 ranged from 5.15 to 7.97 μg/mL (E. daphnites) and 5.46 to 6.31 μg/mL (E. suberosum). Among the standard lots, a variation of ascorbic acid was 4.87 to 5.49 μg/mL (E. daphnites) and 4.02 to 6.17 μg/mL (E. suberosum). The TLC showed the same chromatographic profile for E. daphnites lots and the presence of neochlorogenic acid. E. suberosum lots presented the same chromatographic profile with the presence of hyperoside and the same result was achieved for the chromatographic profiles by HPLC for both species, plus the presence of neochlorogenic acid for E. suberosum batches. According to the ANVISA guidelines N. 899/03 and based on RDC 166/17 on IN N. 4/14, the validated methodology for E. suberosum lots with the hyperoside standard. No cytotoxicity was observed for this cell when used concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 1 mg/mL here used Erythroxylum species and viability was about 100%. Both formulations showed ~ 1 FPS. Even though extracts did not present satisfactory FPS, the antioxidant potential of the standardized extracts of these species was observed

Avaliação da sazonalidade de compostos fenólicos e atividade antioxidante de folhas de Erythroxylum daphnites Mart

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, 2015.A família Erytrhoxylaceae possui espécies que são popularmente empregadas como antibacterianos, antinflamatórios, diuréticos, em disfunções hepáticas, vesiculares e respiratórias. Essas espécies caracterizam-se pela presença de alcaloides tropânicos, taninos, terpenos, fenilpropanoides e flavonoides. A espécie Erythroxylum daphnites é conhecida popularmente como “muxiba”. E por pertencer ao bioma Cerrado, não ser tão conhecida e por apresentar escassez frente a relatos científicos, é fundamental a pesquisa desta, não só como fator da preservação da biodiversidade do bioma, mas também como ferramenta de identificação e registro dessa espécie frente ao seu potencial para a ciência. Pesquisas voltadas a influência de fatores ambientais sobre a produção dos metabólitos secundários para esta planta também são importantes, pois contribuem para o estabelecimento de parâmetros de cultivo, coleta e padronização de extrato. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a influência das variáveis ambientais temperatura, índice pluviométrico e radiação global sobre o teor de polifenóis e flavonoides, atividade antioxidante e rendimento dos extratos brutos aquosos, hexânicos e etanólicos das folhas de E. daphnites por um período de um ano. As espécies vegetais foram coletadas na área de Cerrado sensu stricto da Fazenda Água Limpa – FAL/UnB. O doseamento de polifenóis e flavonoides totais foram realizados por método utilizando reagente de folin e cloreto de alumínio, respectivamente. O perfil cromatográfico por CCD dos extratos para avaliação da presença de flavonoides foi avaliado utilizando como eluente acetato de etila, ácido fórmico, ácido acético e água (100:11:11:26) e revelador NP/PEG. E a determinação da atividade antioxidante foi realizada pelo método DPPH•. Os dados meteorológicos obtidos foram gentilmente cedidos pelo Laboratório de Agroclimatologia da FAL/UnB. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a análise de correlação de Person. Foi verificada a presença de compostos fenólicos, principalmente flavonoides nos extratos analisados, sendo confirmados por CDD a presença rutina, ácido clorogênico e hiperosídeo para os extratos etanólicos; e rutina e ácido clorogênico para os extratos aquosos. Quanto à atividade biológica, o extrato etanólico da quinta coleta das folhas de E. daphnites demonstrou ter a melhor ação antioxidante (IC50: 4,91 μg/mL) quando comparado aos demais extratos, mostrando atividade semelhante a rutina (IC50: 4,53 μg/mL) e ácido ascórbico (IC50: 2,6 μg/mL). Os extratos aquosos e hexânicos da segunda coleta também apresentaram potencial relevante com IC50 de 5,17 μg/mL e 10,34 μg/mL, respectivamente. De acordo com este estudo foi demonstrado que parâmetros como temperatura máxima e diminuição da pluviometria apresentaram-se como fatores principais na variabilidade dos teores de polifenóis e flavonoides encontradas nas folhas de E. daphnites.Erytrhoxylaceae family has species that are popularly used as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and diuretic, in liver, gallbladder and respiratory disorders. These species are characterized by the presence of tropanic alkaloids, tannins, terpenes, flavonoids and phenylpropanoids. Erythroxylum daphnites species is popularly known as "muxiba". In accordance with the fact that it belongs to the Cerrado, it is not well known and scientific reports are scarce, making its research fundamental, not only as a factor of preserving biome biodiversity, but also as an identification tool and record of this species due to its scientific potential. Researches related to the influence of environmental factors on the production of secondary metabolites for this plant are also important as they contribute to the establishment of cultivation, harvest parameters and standardized extract. It was evaluated the influence of environmental variables such as temperature, rainfall and global radiation on the polyphenol and flavonoids contents, antioxidant activity and yield of aqueous, hexane and ethanol extracts from the leaves of E. daphnites for a period of one year. The plants were collected in Cerrado sensu stricto Fazenda Água Limpa - FAL/UnB. The polyphenols and flavonoids contents assay was performed by using folin reagent and aluminum chloride respectively. The chromatographic profile of the extract by TLC to assess the presence of flavonoids was evaluated using as eluent ethyl acetate, formic acid, acetic acid and water (100: 11: 11: 26) and revealing NP / PEG. And the determination of antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH • method. The obtained seasonal data were kindly provided by Laboratório de Agroclimatologia - FAL/UnB. The data were subjected to Pearson correlation analysis. The presence of phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids, such as rutin, chlorogenic acid and hyperoside was verified in ethanol extracts analyzed, and confirmed by TLC; and rutin and chlorogenic acid in aqueous extracts. For biological activity, the ethanol extract of the fifth harvest of E. daphnites leaves demonstrated the best antioxidant activity (IC50: 4.91 μg/mL) when compared to other extracts, presenting similar activity as rutin (IC50: 4.53 μg/mL) and ascorbic acid (IC50: 2.6 μg/mL). The aqueous and hexane extracts of the second harvest also presented relevant potential with IC50: 5.17 μg/mL and IC50: 10.34 μg/mL, respectively. According to this study it was shown that parameters such as maximum temperature and decreased rainfall presented themselves as the major factors in the variability of polyphenols and flavonoids contents found in the leaves of E. daphnites

Antioxidant Activity of Apis Mellifera Bee Propolis: A Review

BackgroundPropolis is a natural product manufactured by bees from balsamic materials collected from plants that surround the hive, undergoing subsequent modification by the enzymes of these insects. It has several functions in the hive, such as sealing cracks and antimicrobial action. Folk medicine worldwide has used this resin in their health practices, and modern research turns its eyes to natural materials to become sources of new molecules to treat the most diverse ailments. AimsThis work collected information on studies that test the antioxidant activity of propolis, produced by Apis mellifera bees, using different antioxidant methods available. MethodsThe search for this review was carried out in the following databases: SciELO, Google Scholar, PubMed, MEDLINE, Catalog of Dissertations and Theses of CAPES, BVS, CRD, Embase, Science Direct, Scopus and Cochrane Library. Publications in Portuguese, English and Spanish in the last decade were included.ResultsThe 173 articles chosen showed quantitative and qualitative data about the potential of this natural product in the area of interest. Propolis extracts reached amazing values in antioxidant tests; they were as active as isolated substances already recognized as standard patterns. Many studies have brought information about the antioxidant mechanisms of propolis, such as free radical scavenging, metal chelation, and electron donation.ConclusionThis review brings scientific evidence, in vitro and in vivo, that supports the idea that propolis is a good candidate for producing new antioxidant pharmaceutical and food formulations in the future

Seasonal monitoring of the antioxidant activity of Erythroxylum suberosum A. St.-Hil. leaves: Correlation with hyperoside and isoquercitrin contents

373-382This study evaluated the seasonal effects of two flavonoids on antioxidant activity and chromatographic profiles by thin layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in Erythroxylum suberosum A. St.-Hil, a species used by the Brazilian indigenous community. These variables were observed from August 2013 to May 2014 in correlation with climatic variables, such as temperature, rainfall index and global radiation. The chromatographic profiles were found to be similar in the aqueous and ethanol extracts, and flavonoid hyperoside and isoquercitrin were identified and quantified. In the inhibition of the DPPH• radical, the most active was the aqueous extract from the 2nd collection (IC50: 4.45 μg/mL). For the phosphomolybdenum complex reduction method, the ethanol extract from the 1st collection was the most active (206.39 μg/mL equivalent ascorbic acid). Regarding the environmental correlations, it was observed that a higher global radiation index had a strong influence on the concentrations of hyperoside and contributed to the antioxidant activity. On the other hand, higher temperatures contributed to a higher isoquercitrin content in the aqueous extracts. These results indicate that August is the best month for the collection of Erythroxylum suberosum A. St.-Hil. leaves which have the highest isoquercitrin and hyperoside content and, thus, a high antioxidant activity

Determination of harpagoside in Harpagophytum procumbens DC tablet’s using analytical method by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

The species Harpagophytum procumbens DC. is popularly known as devil’s claw and is widely used because of its anti-inflammatory properties that are attributed to an iridoid glycoside, the harpagoside. This medicinal plant is part of the Brazilian List of Essential Medicines, that is, it was selected and standardized for the resolution of diseases in the Brazilian public health system, SUS, and can be found in several brands. Due to the importance of quality monitoring, the objective of this study was to create and validate a method for identification and quantification of harpagoside in tablets of the devil’s claw, as well as to evaluate the content of this iridoid glycoside in three commercially available brands in Brasília, DF, Brazil. The evaluated parameters in the validation by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were linearity, limits of detection and quantification, precision, selectivity, accuracy and robustness, as required by the Brazilian regulation. The developed and validated method proved satisfactory for the quality control of commercial products that present in this composition the medicinal plant. All the devil’s claw brands presented divergences regarding the quality that can interfere with therapeutics and with safety and efficacy

Aceites esenciales de especies de Cordia, compuestos y aplicaciones : una revisión sistemática

The purpose of this systematic review was to identify the available literature on the essential oil from species of genus Cordia. This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews. The search was conducted on four databases: LILACS, PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus until June 5th, 2020, with no time or language restrictions. Sixty out of the 1,333 initially gathered studies fit the inclusion criteria after the selection process. Nine species of Cordiawere reported in the selected studies, out of which 79% of the evaluated studies reported essential oil from Cordia curassavica. The essential oil extraction methods identified were hydrodistillation and steam distillation. As for biological application, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, larvicidal and antioxidant activities were the most reported. The main compounds reported for essential oil were β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, α-pinene, bicyclogermacrene, and sabinene. The information reported in this systematic review can contribute scientifically to the recognition of the importance of the genus Cordia.El propósito de esta revisión sistemática fue identificar la literatura disponible sobre el aceite esencial de especies del género Cordia. Este estudio siguió los elementos de informe preferidos para revisiones sistemáticas. La búsqueda se realizó en cuatro bases de datos: LILACS, PubMed, Science Direct y Scopus hasta el 5 de junio de 2020, sin restricciones de tiempo ni de idioma. Sesenta de los 1.333 estudios reunidos inicialmente cumplieron los criterios de inclusión después del proceso de selección. Se informaron nueve especies de Cordia en los estudios seleccionados, de los cuales el 79% de los estudios evaluados informaron aceite esencial de Cordia curassavica. Los métodos de extracción de aceite esencial identificados fueron la hidrodestilación y la destilación al vapor. En cuanto a la aplicación biológica, las actividades antimicrobianas, antiinflamatorias, larvicidas y antioxidantes fueron las más reportadas. Los principales compuestos reportados para el aceite esencial fueron β-cariofileno, α-humuleno, α-pineno, biciclogermacreno y sabineno. La información reportada en esta revisión sistemática puede contribuir científicamente al reconocimiento de la importancia del género Cordia

Seasonal chemical evaluation of Miconia chamissois Naudin from Brazilian Savanna

Miconia chamissois Naudin is a species from the Cerrado, which is being increasingly researched for its therapeutic potential. The aim of this study was to obtain a standardized extract and to evaluate seasonal chemical variations. Seven batches of aqueous extracts from leaves were produced for the standardization. These extracts were evaluated for total solids, polyphenol (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC), vitexin derivative content, antioxidant activity; thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profiles were generated. For the seasonal study, leaves were collected from five different periods (May 2017 to August 2018). The results were correlated with meteorological data (global radiation, temperature, and rainfall index). Using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, apigenin C-glycosides (vitexin/isovitexin) and derivatives, luteolin C-glycosides (orientin/isoorientin) and derivatives, a quercetin glycoside, miconioside B, matteucinol-7-O-β-apiofuranosyl (1 → 6) -β-glucopyranoside, and farrerol were identified. Quality parameters, including chemical marker quantification by HPLC, and biological activity, are described. In the extract standardization process, all the evaluated parameters showed low variability. The seasonality study revealed no significant correlations (p < 0.05) between TPC or TFC content and meteorological data. These results showed that it is possible to obtain extracts from M. chamissois at any time of the year without significant differences in composition

Propiedades biológicas y caracterización fitoquímica del extracto acuoso de Miconia chamissois Naudin

The objective of this study was to evaluate biological and phytochemical properties of the aqueous extract from the leaves of Miconia chamissoisNaudin (AEMC). Phytochemical properties were assessed by analyzing the chromatographic profile and the polyphenol content of AEMC. Biological properties evaluation wasconducted based on cytotoxicity assay and by evaluating the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and enzymatic inhibition activities. Results indicated the presence of phytochemicals in AEMC such as flavonoids and polyphenols, including rutin, isoquercitrin and vitexin derivatives. AEMC showed antioxidant activity, which may be attributed to the high polyphenolic content. Moreover, AEMC demonstrated in vitro enzyme inhibition activity against tyrosinase and alpha-amylase, as well as showed low cytotoxicity. On the other hand, AEMC exhibited weak antimicrobial activity against S. aureusand C. albicans. Thus, AEMC is a promising alternative in search of potential drugs for the treatment of diseases induced by oxidative stress and inflammation, conditions due to hyperpigmentation processes, such as melisma, as well as for diabetes.El objetivo de este estudio fue detectar las propiedades biológicas y fitoquímicos del extracto acuoso de las hojas de Miconia chamissois Naudin (AEMC). Las propiedades fitoquímicas se evaluaron analizando el perfil cromatográfico y el contenido de polifenoles de AEMC. La evaluación de las propiedades biológicas se realizó en base al ensayo de citotoxicidad y evaluando las actividades de inhibición antioxidante, antimicrobiana y enzimática. Los resultados indicaron la presencia de fitoquímicos en AEMC, como flavonoides y polifenoles, que incluyen derivados de rutina, isoquercitrina y vitexina. AEMC mostró una actividad antioxidante considerable, que puede atribuirse al alto contenido polifenólico. Además, AEMC exhibió actividad de inhibición enzimática in vitro contra tirosinasa y alfa-amilasa, así como mostró baja citotoxicidad. Por otro lado, AEMC demostró actividad antimicrobiana débil contra S. aureus y C. albicans. Por lo tanto, AEMC es una alternativa prometedora en busca de posibles drogas para el tratamiento de enfermedades inducidas por el estrés oxidativo y la inflamación, afecciones debidas a procesos de hiperpigmentación, como el melasma, así como para la diabetes

Lactobacilli species’ effects on liver function: a review

São chamados de probióticos os microrganismos que, quando ingeridos, colonizam o trato gastrointestinal e trazem benefícios a saúde. Uma microbiota desbalanceada é considerada sinônimo de diversas doenças, ao promover translocação bacteriana para os demais órgãos do corpo, em especial, o fígado. Dada a estreita correlação entre esses dois fatores, bem como a reconhecida segurança da ingestão de probióticos no dia a dia, a presente revisão bibliográfica tem como objetivo o levantamento de dados sobre o impacto dos probióticos Lactobacilos na função hepática humana. A busca por estudos clínicos publicados entre os anos de 2011 e 2021 foi realizada nas seguintes bases de dados: SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), Google Acadêmico, PubMed, BVS (Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde), Embase, Science Direct, Scopus, CRD (Centre for Reviews and Dissemination) e Cochrane Library. Os artigos obtidos ao final da pesquisa trouxeram dados que apoiam a ideia de que a suplementação de probióticos contendo bactérias do gênero Lactobacilos é benéfica para pacientes com as mais variadas desordens hepáticas, tais como cirrose e encefalopatia hepática. Os mecanismos por trás dessa ação são diversos, tais como: diminuição da permeabilidade intestinal, bem como do crescimento de microrganismos patogênicos, e fatores pró-inflamatórios, além do estímulo de colonização por bactérias simbiontes. Ainda, estudos realizados com pacientes saudáveis demonstram a segurança do uso de probióticos, com ausência de efeitos adversos

Hibiscus sabdariffa L.: ESTABILIDADE DA ATIVIDADE ANTIOXIDANTE E CONSTITUINTES QUÍMICOS APÓS PREPARO DO CHÁ

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. is used due to its peculiar taste and its healing properties. The literature reports antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties for this plant. Hibiscus is used as a tea, obtained from the infusion of parts of the plant, precisely its dried calyx. Due to its properties, the consumption of this tea in Brazil has been growing. Quality evaluation is important to guarantee the efficacy and safety of such products. In this study, three brands of H. sabdariffa L. tea were evaluated for their antioxidant properties, as well as their phytochemical profile by HPLC/ DAD. The methods of lipid peroxidation and inhibition of the formation of the phosphomolybdenum complex were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. To better guide the safe consumption of this tea, the stability of the antioxidant activity was assessed 1 and 12 hours after preparation. In the chromatographic analysis, the presence of neochlorogenic acid was detected in all evaluated brands. The tea showed antioxidant activity in the two used methods. However, antioxidant activity tended to be lower after 12 hours of tea preparation. Therefore, to preserve the activity, the H. sabdariffa L. tea should be used up to 12 hours after preparation