The effect of Rhodamine B on the cerebellum and brainstem tissue of Rattus norvegicus

Background: Rhodamine B is a component of xenobiotic substance metabolized by cytochrome P450 in the body to produce free radicals, which affects the activity of Superoxidase Dismutase (SOD), thereby, leading to oxidative stress, injury, increase in cell apoptosis and brainstem. This study aims to determine the effect of Rhodamine B on BAX and BCL-2 in the cerebellum and brainstem tissue of Rattus norvegicus.Design and Methods: The True Experimental Design was used to carry out a post-test examination on the control group of twenty-eight Wistar female Rattus norvegicus mice between the ages of 10-12 weeks. Then, samples were categorized into 4 groups in body weight doses of 4.5 mg/200g, 9 mg/200g, and 18 mg/200g. They were administrated with Rhodamine B personde for 36 days. Results: The results showed that Rhodamine B had a direct and indirect effect on BAX and BCL-2 expressions, respectively, in the cerebellum tissue and wistar strain of Rattus norvegicus. In addition, the positive path coefficient of BAX expression has a positive effect on BCL-2. This means that an increase in BAX has a direct impact on decreasing BCL-2 expression in cerebellum tissue and brainstem of Rattus norvegicus wistar strain along with an increased dose of Rhodamine B. Conclusions: In conclusion, Rhodamine B tends to increase BAX expression which directly decreases BCL-2 in Cerebellum tissue and Brainstem in Rattus norvegicus along with increasing doses

Usia merokok pertama kali merupakan faktor yang meningkatkan risiko kejadian hipertensi: Besar risiko kejadian hipertensi menurut pola merokok

Cigarette smoking is a main risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality; one of them is hypertension. However, studies on hypertension still showed no significant relationship. The objective of the study was to assess odds ratio (OR) of the development of hypertension based on smoking pattern. The study was an observational research with case-control design. The inclusion criterias of the cases group consisting of 75 persons were hypertension patients and smokers, did not have any diseases related to hypertension, and participating in this study voluntary with informed consent. The control group consisting of 75 persons were smokers without primary and secondary hypertension, and participating in this study voluntary with informed consent. The analysis showed that persons who had smoked for 33 – 58 years were 5,21 times (95% CI with OR 2,02 – 13,68) more likely to have hypertension and persons who had smoked for 18 – 32 years were 3,78 times (95% CI with OR 1,51 – 9,58) more likely to have hypertension than those who had smoked for less than 18 years. Based on multivariate analysis, persons who smoked first time at 16 – 18 years old were 4,81 times (95% CI with OR 1,79 – 12,94) more likely to have hypertension than those who smoked at 19 years old and higher. Persons who smoked as many as 10 – 20 cigarettes a day were 3,02 times (95% CI with OR 1,19 – 7,63) more likely to had hypertension than those who smoked less than 10 cigarettes a day. The increasing factors for the development of hypertension were age initiation of smoking (16-18 years old), number of cigarettes smoked per day (10-20 sigarettes), and length of smoking habit (more than 17 years). Considering that smoking is a risk factor for hypertension, the most important measure is to run immediately “a comprehensive anti smoking campaign” whose target is not only smokers to stop smoking but teenagers as well, in order not to become a smoker. So, anti smoking campaign should be directed to earlier age group such as elementary school students

Besar Risiko Kejadian Hipertensi Berdasarkan Faktor Perilaku Pada Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI)

Hipertensi merupakan penyakit yang disebut sebagai Silent Killer dan heterogeneouse group of disease yang bisa menyerang siapa saja dan tanpa gejala. Jumlah kasus hipertensi masih tinggi dan dapat meningkatkan risiko stroke, jantung koroner dan gagal ginjal. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan menganalisis besar risiko kejadian hipertensi berdasarkan faktor perilaku pada Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) di Rumkital Dr. Ramelan Surabaya pada tahun 2015. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan rancang bangun kasus kontrol. Responden terdiri dari 44 kasus dan 44 kontrol yang diambil secara acak dengan melihat kondisi kesehatan responden. Data diperoleh dari rekam medik dan wawancara dengan kuesioner. Analisis data menggunakan perhitungan OR dengan Epi Info dengan kemaknaan 95% CI. Hasil analisis didapatkan besar risiko hipertensi adalah aktifitas fisik/olahraga (OR=10,06; 95% CI = 3,20<OR<34,50), konsumsi rokok (OR=2,61; 95% CI1,00<OR<6,93), konsumsi natrium (OR = 1,75 ; 95% CI = 0,31<OR<11,97), konsumsi lemak (OR=3,33; 95% CI=1,10<OR<10,38) dan tingkat stress (OR=9,07; 95% CI=3,13<OR<27,17). Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah aktifitas fisik/olahraga, konsumsi rokok, konsumsi lemak dan tingkat stress memiliki nilai OR yang bermakna sedangkan konsumsi natrium memiliki nilai OR tidak bermakna

Tempat Perindukan Vektor, Spesies Nyamuk Anopheles, dan Pengaruh Jarak Tempat Perindukan Vektor Nyamuk Anopheles terhadap Kejadian Malaria pada Balita

Malariae affects almost part of Indonesia, one of them is Lombok District West Nusa Tenggara where malariae incidence is high. One indicator to show magnitude of malariae transmition in a certain area through ascertaining malariae disease among infants, children under five years, and children up to nine years old. Lenght of flying is an influenced factor of malariae vector to look for resting, feeding, and breeding. So, the factor is a concerned factor of controlling effort to malariae disease. The study objectives were to investigate breeding places, vector species of malariae, and lenght of flying influence of Anopheles mosquito to malariae incidence among children under five years. The study was an observational research with cross sectional design which conducted in Sambelia Subdistrict East Lombok District. The sample size was 347 children under five years. The study showed that most of childrens age (47,3%) was 3759 months with no differences according to sex. The nature of breeding places were 134,70 750 m2 in average width, with algae, grass, and moss area in water biota, and mostly muddy on turbidity level except at breeding places in two sub-villages. The study founded two genus of mosquitoes, Culex and Anopheles. The species of Anopheles that are found in the study area are An. sundaicus, An. subpictus, An. aconitus, An. barbirostris, An. minimus dan An. Anullaris. There were 9 sub villages near from the breeding places (less than 1000 m), 7 sub-villages with midlle distance from the breeding places (1000 2000 m), and 8 sub-villages far from it (more than 2000 m). The risk of malariae occurence was 1,78 more for children who lived near from breeding places than children who lived far from it. Distance between their home and breeding places influenced to malariae occurence among children under five years in Sambelia Subdistrict. The distance is nearer increasing the risk of malariae occurence among children under five years. Keywords: Anopheles species, Breeding place, Children Under Five Years, Malariae

Waist Circumference as the Strongest Factor Related to Blood Glucose Level

The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity is associated with the increasing incident of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obesity, especially abdominal obesity is an important risk factor for the onset of diabetes. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between body mass index, waist circumference and waist hip ratio with blood glucose level. The study design was cross-sectional. The study population was elderly posyandu member aged 45 to 70 years in Menur clinic work area who were registered in elderly posyandu activities in May 2013. The numbers of sample were 60 respondents who drawn by simple random sampling method. The variabels of this study were the characteristics of respondent, body mass index, waist circumference, waist hip ratio and fasting blood glucose level. The study showed that respondents classified as overweight (38%), obesity (33, 3%), abdominal obesity based on waist circumference (77.8%), abdominal obesity based on waist hip ratio (81,7 %) and blood glucose level more than 125 mg/dl (8.3%). Pearson correlation test showed that there was relationship between body mass index with blood sugar levels (p=0,007; r=0,345), between waist circumference with blood sugar levels (p=0,001; r=0,424) and between waist hip ratio with blood sugar levels (p =0,002; r=0,392). Waist circumference as the strongest factor related to blood glucose level. Waist circumference measurement should be done in elderly posyandu activities to detect high-risk individuals with diabetes

The Lack of Counselling and Passively Case Detection Affecting the Occurrance of Grade 2 Disability in Sampang

Leprosy is a chronic disease that affects the skin, peripheral nerves, even the other of body organs. This disease can also causing permanent disability that can affect to quality of life of sufferers. Sampang as the region with the highest average of PR in 2010-2014, it has leprosy grade 2 disability proportion which is 13%, in the other words that it is higher than the specified standard that is 5% or less. This study aimed to analyze the health service factors that affecting the occurrence of leprosy grade 2 disability. This study was an observational-analytic by using case control design. This study conducted in 8 administrative territory of community health center in Sampang. Sample were 33 type MB leprosy patients with grade 2 disability (case group) and 33 with grade 0 or grade 1 disability (control group). Sample has been taken by using simple random sampling technique. Data analysis was carried out simultaneously with multiple logistic regression. The results showed that the method of passive case detection (OR=7,005; 95% CI: 1,595-30,763), a very late diagnosis (OR=15,264; 95% CI: 1,469-158,594) ), lack of POD (OR=7,016; 95% CI: 1,574-31,274) and the lack of counselling (OR=8,241; 95% CI: 1,747-38,847) affecting the occurence of leprosy grade 2 disability. The conclusion that the passively case detection, a very late of diagnosis, the lack of POD and the lack of counseling affecting the occurrence of leprosy grade 2 disability at leprosy patients in Sampang. It is suggest to stakeholders to increase actively case detection, counselling

Pengaruh Pola Makan terhadap Kadar Kolesterol Total

Kadar Kolesterol total di dalam darah sangat berpengaruh terhadap pembentukan plak pada dinding pembuluh darah. Kadar kolesterol yang melebihi batas normal akan memicu terjadinya proses aterosklerosis, aterosklerosis merupakan manifestasi klinis dari Penyakit Jantung Koroner. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis hubungan antara pola makan dengan kadar kolesterol total. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik, menggunakan desain penelitian case control . Sampel penelitian ini sebesar 56 orang yang terdiri dari 28 kasus dan 28 kontrol. Sampel diambil secara acak menggunakan simple random sampling. Analisis data menggunakan uji statistik dan perhitungan OR dengan Epi Info. Hasil penelitian besar risiko kadar kolesterol total adalah usia( p value= 1,00 ; OR= 1,2 ; 95% CI=0,36<OR<3,92), pola makan tinggi lemak (p value = 0,285; OR=2,06; 95% CI=0,7<OR<5,98), pola makan rendah serat (p value= 0,030; OR=4; 95% CI=1,28<OR<12,4). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pola makan rendah serat memiliki OR yang bermakna sedangkan usia dan pola makan tinggi lemak tidak signifikan. Sebaiknya diberikan tambahan informasi yang diberikan kepada masyarakat peduli tentang faktor-faktor risiko tingkat kolesterol total yang mencakup makan pola diet tinggi lemak, rendah serat

The Relationship Between Obesity and Smoking to Hypertension Incidence

Hypertension is a disease that causes morbidity and mortality about 20–50% of all deaths. In the worldwide, about 927 people suffer hypertension and that number will be increase to 29,2 in 2025. Obesity and smoking are one of risk factors to hypertension incidence. The purpose of this research was to analayze the relationship between obesity and smoking to hypertension incidence. The cross sectional design is used in this research and involved 75 samples who ware selected from cardiology\u27s patients at Haji Hospital Surabaya by simple random sampling on May 2014. The variables are sex, obesity, and smoking behavior. In the smoking behavior data, the history of smoking, filters used, smoking periode, total cigarette, and types of cigarette are used. In this research, crosstabulation with Chi Square test is used on data analysis. There are 45 people (60%) had hypertension and 64,4% from sample with hypertension was women. The result of this research showed that there was a significant relationship between obesity and hypertension (p = 0,014) with coeffisient contingension about 0,299. Otherwise, there was no a significant relationship between history of smoking (p = 0,211), filters used (p = 0,378), smoking periode (p = 1,000), smoker criteria (p = 0,848), and types of cigarette (p = 0,673) to hypertension incidence. The conclution of this research was only obesity which had a relationship with hypertension incidence

Faktor Risiko Kejadian Kandidiasis Vaginalis pada Akseptor KB

The objective of the research was to investigate risk factors of candidiasis vaginalis occurrence among family planning acceptors. A case control research with 30 acceptors of family planning who did Pap smear test and diagnosed as candidiasis vaginalis were set as cases, and 90 acceptors of family planning who werent diagnosed as candidiasis vaginalis were set as control group. Chi square test with a = 0.05 was used to analyzed the correlation between variable, and strength of association was determined by odds ratio. Some variables that correlate significantly with candidiasis vaginalis occurrence. However, factors which were associated significantly, were antibiotics using (OR = 4.26), kind of contraceptive method (OR = 2.39), frequency of changing underwear (OR = 3.53), kind of underwear materials (OR = 2.86), kind of vaginal douching agent (OR = 2.49), method of vaginal douching (OR = 2.47), vaginal condition after douching (OR = 3.54). Those variables were increased factors to candidiasis vaginalis occurrence. Giving attention to sexual hygiene especially vaginal hygiene by changing underwear at least twice a day, wearing underwear made from cotton, doing douching with specific solution for vagina, douching vagina with a proper method and keeping vagina dry after douching were protective measures to candidiasis vaginalis occurrence. Acceptors of family planning with hormonal method must do examining vagina routinely by Pap smear test.Key words: candidiasis vaginalis, acceptor of family plannin

Effect of Plectranthus Amboinicus Extract on BUN and Creatinine Levels and Cellular Response Proinflammatory Factors TNF-α and IL-1β on Gout Arthritis Patients

The purpose of this research was to develop anti-cytokine-based treatment using extract of Plectranthus amboinicus applied to gout arthritis (GA) patients. The research was quasi experimental, with a pretest-posttest randomized control group design. The samples were GA patientsin the Outpatient Installation of Internal Medicine in General Hospital Haji,Surabaya. The sample was comprised of 30 respondents. The respondents were divided into a treatment group and a control group. The treatment group was asked to take medicine from the hospital, coupled with Plectranthus amboinicus extract capsules, for 7 days, during which time patients&rsquo; joint inflammation was observed. The control group was provided with only medication from the hospital, and their joint inflammation was likewise observed. Blood samples were taken before and after treatment, to measure the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, as well as the concentrations of TNF-&alpha; and IL-1&beta;. There was a decrease in BUN and creatinine levels in the control group, but it was not significant, decreasing by 3% and 8%, respectively. The treatment group also showed elevated levels of BUN and creatinine, which also was not significant at 3% and 7%, respectively. There was a decrease in the concentration of TNF-&alpha; in the control group by 9% and 22%. The concentration of IL-1&beta; in the control group increased by 18%, whereas,in the treatment group,it decreased by3%; however,the decreases in bothgroups were not significant