40 research outputs found
Noise pollution
OneÄiÅ”Äenje bukom je sve raÅ”irenije i prisutnije zbog industrijalizacije, urbanizacije i rasta prometa. Najugroženija skupina su radnici koji su tijekom radnog vremena izloženi poviÅ”enim razinama buke. Urbanizacijom raste broj izloženih ljudi te se može reÄi da je buka nevolja modernog života. Za prometnu buku se danas smatra da najviÅ”e doprinosi optereÄenju okoliÅ”a bukom. U ovome je radu prikazana buka s obzirom na njene osnovne karakteristike, izvore, odnosno djelatnosti pri kojima je prisutna, kao i utjecaje kojima negativno djeluje na ljudsko zdravlje i okoliÅ”. Upravo zbog toga neki buku nazivaju tihom ubojicom jer uzrokuje fiziÄke, fizioloÅ”ke i psihiÄke posljedice. K tome treba nadodati da je znanje o ovome oneÄiÅ”Äenju krhko. Buka je prisutna kako u otvorenim, tako i u zatvorenim prostorima te se raznim metodama njezina razina pokuÅ”ava smanjiti na one zakonom propisane vrijednosti. Stoga su navedeni i zakonski okviri te mjere zaÅ”tite od buke.Noise pollution is becoming more widespread and more present due to industrialization, urbanization and increasing traffic. The most vulnerable are workers who are exposed to high levels of noise during their working time. The number of exposed people is growing because of urbanization, so we can say that the noise is a trouble of modern life. Now it is considered that noise from the traffic contributes the most on the environmental noise load. In this thesis a noise is presented according to its basic characteristics, sources or activities in which it is present, as well as its influences on human health and the environment. This is why some noise called the silent killer because it causes physical, physiological and psychological consequences. It should be added that the knowledge about this pollution is insufficient. The noise is present both in the open and in enclosed spaces and various methods is being used to achieve values prescribed according to the law. Therefore, the legislative framework and noise protection measures are mentioned
Utjecaj COVID-19 obrazaca ponaŔanja na ekosustave
Pandemija COVID-19 prouzroÄila je promjenu globalnoga razmiÅ”ljanja i donijela svijetu neke nove i specifiÄne obrasce ponaÅ”anja. Pandemijsko je razdoblje gotovo u potpunosti usmjerilo fokus na globalnu zdravstvenu krizu te su neke pretpandemijske cirkularne vrijednosti bivale zanemarivane. StavljajuÄi zdravlje svojih graÄana kao prioritetno, mnoge su se države i vlade ponovno okrenule linearnome gospodarstvu. TakoÄer, svjetska je populacija poÄela rapidnom brzinom konzumirati odreÄene farmaceutike, pojavilo se (pre)naglaÅ”eno potenciranje osobne higijene i upotrebe dezinfekcijskih sredstava te se smanjenjem ljudskog kontakta ubrzano poveÄala potražnja i upotreba jednokratne plastike. Pojedini dijelovi industrije privremeno su se ugasili, no pojedini su sektori radili pojaÄanim intenzitetom, a prenapuÄenost zdravstvenih ustanova i neadekvatno zbrinjavanje medicinskog otpada i bolniÄkih otpadnih voda zadalo je specifiÄan udarac svjetskim ekosustavima. Tako se u okoliÅ”u odjednom naÅ”la neoÄekivano velika koliÄina raznih farmaceutika, proizvoda za osobnu higijenu, jednokratne plastike, proizvoda za osobnu zaÅ”titu, kao i medicinskog opasnog i neopasnog otpada. Stoga je iznimno važno sagledati Å”iru sliku pandemijskih posljedica po okoliÅ” te shodno tome donijeti adekvatna rjeÅ”enja glede sprjeÄavanja i smanjenja oneÄiÅ”Äenja okoliÅ”a uzrokovanog pandemijom. Pojedina pandemijska ponaÅ”anja treba promijeniti, nastalu Å”tetu sanirati i usmjeriti globalnu proizvodnju ka nekim novijim i održivijim tehnologijama. U ovome Äe se radu dati sažet pregled posljedica globalne zdravstvene krize na biosferu te perspektiva za potencijalno rjeÅ”avanje nastalih problema i suzbijanje buduÄih katastrofa
Additives in Plastics ā Potential Adverse Effects on the Ecosystem
OneÄiÅ”Äenje, odnosno utjecaj plastike na okoliÅ”, jedan je od globalnih problema danaÅ”njice, a poznat je joÅ” od davnina. Zbog svoje Å”iroke upotrebe plastiku možemo naÄi u gotovo svim sastavnicama okoliÅ”a, gdje može Å”tetno utjecati na žive organizme. Plastika, unatoÄ svojoj praktiÄnosti, sadrži Å”tetne kemikalije, aditive, poput poput di(2-etilheksil)ftalata (DEHP), mono(2-etilheksil)ftalata (MEHP), bisfenola A (BPA), polikloriranih bifenila (PCB) i drugih. U ovome radu dan je pregled istraživanja Å”tetnog djelovanja aditiva na ekosustav temeljen na raznim testovima toksiÄnosti.
Ovo djelo je dano na koriÅ”tenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 meÄunarodna.Pollution or the impact of plastics on the environment is one of todayās global problems, and has been known since ancient times. Due to its wide use, plastic can be found in almost all components of the environment, where it can adversely affect living organisms. Plastic, despite its convenience, contains harmful chemicals, i.e., additives such as bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), bisphenol A (BPA), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), and others. This paper provides an overview of research into the harmful effects of additives on the ecosystem based on various toxicity tests.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Karakteristike i obrada otpadne vode koksne industrije
Coke is a high-calorie carbon mass obtained by dry distillation of coal, and used in various processes, the most significant of which is production of iron and steel. Coke production is present worldwide, especially in recent years when due to economic growth the global demand for steel is growing, which consequently increases demand for coke. During coke production, enormous amounts of toxic wastewater of extremely complex composition are generated. Priority pollutants that coking wastewater contains are phenols, cyanides, and thiocyanates. For successful treatment of such wastewater and achieving safety discharge standards, the application of a single process is insufficient. Accordingly, a combination of different physicochemical and biological treatment procedures, of which biological treatment is the most important, should be applied. In this article, a literature review of coking wastewater characteristics and treatment technologies is presented. In addition, this review addresses the complexity and limitations associated with coking wastewater treatment, with special emphasis on biological treatment methods. The aim of this review was to summarise the current knowledge on coking wastewater treatment technologies, which could eventually help optimisation of existing solutions.Koks je visoko kaloriÄno umjetno gorivo koje se upotrebljava u proizvodnji željeza i Äelika, a dobiva se suhom destilacijom ugljena. Proizvodnja koksa zastupljena je Å”irom svijeta, osobito posljednjih godina, kad zbog ekonomskog rasta raste i svjetska potražnja za Äelikom, Å”to kao posljedicu ima i poveÄanu potrebu za koksom. Tijekom proizvodnje koksa nastaju enormne koliÄine toksiÄne otpadne vode izrazito kompleksnog sastava, a prioritetne oneÄiÅ”ÄujuÄe tvari koje sadrži su fenoli, cijanidi i tiocijanati. Za uspjeÅ”no proÄiÅ”Äavanje te vrste otpadne vode i postizanje izlaznih parametara primjena jednog procesa nije dovoljna. Shodno tome, primjenjuje se kombinacija razliÄitih fizikalno-kemijskih i bioloÅ”kih postupaka obrade, od kojih je bioloÅ”ka obrada najvažnija. U ovom radu dan je literaturni pregled karakteristika otpadne vode koksne industrije i naÄini njihova proÄiÅ”Äavanja. Osim toga, ovaj pregled osvrÄe se na složenost i ograniÄenja povezana s proÄiÅ”Äavanjem koksne otpadne vode, s posebnim naglaskom na metode bioloÅ”ke obrade. Cilj ovog rada je sažeti dosadaÅ”nja znanja o otpadnoj vodi koksne industrije, Å”to bi u konaÄnici pomoglo u optimizaciji postojeÄih rjeÅ”enja
Validacija ICP-MS metode za odreÄivanje metala u tragovima prema ICH Q3D smjernicama u fosamprenavir kalciju
Fosamprenavir calcium is an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in which trace elements must be monitored by ICH Q3D Guideline. It delivers appropriate method to ensure the quality of the product and its safe use. Elemental impurities in API are separated in three classes based on their toxicity and probability of their occurrence in the product. ICP-MS has proven to be a suitable technique with the appropriate sample preparation method. Due to the presence of oxidising agents in the sample preparation, determination of osmium is problematic. In the presence of oxidising nitric acid, a highly volatile and toxic osmium tetraoxide is formed. Due to its high volatility, the recovery of osmium has reached the value of 287 %, which exceeds recovery limit (70ā150 %). However, osmium can be stabilised by complexation with thiourea in the hydrochloric acid solution (recovery = 87 %). In that way, the loss of osmium is reduced and good results are achieved in terms of usability, accuracy, and precision.
A method with addition of thiourea has been successfully validated through main validation parameters: linearity, quantitation limit, selectivity, accuracy, precision (which included repeatability and intralaboratory reproducibility), and robustness. Each of these validation parameters met the acceptance criteria, and therefore it was concluded that the method is suitable for the determination of trace elements in fosamprenavir calcium by ICP-MS.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.Fosamprenavir kalcij je aktivna farmaceutska tvar (API) u kojoj se elementi u tragovima moraju nadzirati prema ICH Q3D smjernicama. ICH Q3D smjernice donose odgovarajuÄu metodu za osiguravanje kvalitete proizvoda i njegove sigurne uporabe. Elementarne neÄistoÄe u API-ju razdvajaju se u tri razreda na temelju njihove toksiÄnosti i vjerojatnosti da se pojave u proizvodu. ICP-MS se pokazala kao prikladna tehnika ako se primijeni odgovarajuÄa metoda pripreme uzoraka. Zbog prisutnosti oksidirajuÄih sredstava u pripremi uzoraka problem se javlja kod odreÄivanja osmija. Osmij u prisutnosti oksidirajuÄe duÅ”iÄne kiseline daje visoko hlapljiv i toksiÄan osmij tetraoksid. Zbog visoke hlapljivosti, iskoriÅ”tenje osmija iznosi 287 %, Å”to premaÅ”uje zadanu granicu iskoriÅ”tenja (70 ā 150 %). MeÄutim, osmij se može stabilizirati kompleksiranjem s tioureom u otopini klorovodiÄne kiseline (povrat od 87 %). Na taj se naÄin smanjuje njegov gubitak, a postižu se dobri rezultati u pogledu toÄnosti, preciznosti i robusnosti metode.
Ovo djelo je dano na koriÅ”tenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 meÄunarodna
Microplastics in the Marine Environment of the Adriatic Sea
Plastika se zbog svoje Å”iroke uporabe može naÄi u svim dijelovima okoliÅ”a, gdje Å”tetno utjeÄe na razliÄite sastavnice okoliÅ”a, a toksiÄni spojevi koje adsorbira prenose se kroz hranidbene lance te s vremenom dolaze do Äovjeka. Odabrana istraživanja u ovom radu usredotoÄena su na karakterizaciju i kvantifikaciju mikroplastike pronaÄene u Jadranskom moru kao i na toksiÄnost mikroplastike. Istraživanja su pokazala da je najviÅ”e mikroplastike detektirano u podruÄju Sjevernog Jadrana. Provedena ispitivanja ekotoksiÄnosti mikroplastike primjenom testa s algama ukazuju na to da mikroplastika uzrokuje smanjenje brzine rasta i kretanja algi, obavljanje fotosinteze, fiziÄke deformacije te dolazi do smanjenja plodnosti i promjena u metaboliÄkim ciklusima.
Ovo djelo je dano na koriÅ”tenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 meÄunarodna.The widespread use of plastics has led to the accumulation of plastics in all parts of the environment where it adversely affects the ecosystem. Plastic pollution has the biggest impact on the marine ecosystems which assimilate about 12.7 million tons of plastic yearly. Because of incomplete degradation, plastic in marine environment is accumulated in the form of large clusters and microplastic. Microplastic has a harmful impact on marine organisms due to the accumulation of toxic compounds adsorbed on its particles, which could be passed through the food chain and eventually to humans. Certain researches discussed in this paper are focused on the characterization and quantification of microplastic found in the Adriatic Sea.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
Behandlung des in der KlƤrwasseranlage entstandenen Belebtschlammes durch Kompostierung
U danaÅ”nje vrijeme porastom broja stanovnika te razvojem industrije globalno raste koliÄina nastalih otpadnih voda koje je potrebno obraditi. U postupku bioloÅ”ke obrade otpadnih voda generira se aktivni mulj kojeg je potrebno zbrinuti na odgovarajuÄi naÄin.
U ovom radu ispitana je uÄinkovitost obrade mulja s ureÄaja za proÄiÅ”Äavanje otpadnih voda (UPOV) grada Vrgorca procesom kompostiranja, odnosno odredio se optimalan omjer mulja (M) i supstrata (S) na temelju maksimalne konverzije, trajanja termofilne faze i temperature. U tu svrhu ispitani su razliÄiti omjeri mjeÅ”avine S i M (SP ā samo biootpad, P1 ā S/M = 2,5:1 ; P2 ā S/M = 5:1 ; P3 ā S/M = 7:1) u reaktorima radnog volumena, Vr = 1 L. U pokusima SP, P1, P2 i P3 postignuta je konverzija od 43 %, 64 %, 56 % te 53 %, maksimalna temperatura iznosila je 57,1 Ā°C, 58,3 Ā°C, 61,4 Ā°C odnosno 62,8 Ā°C, a termofilna faza trajala je 3, 13, 7, i 5 dana. NajuÄinkovitiji pokus (P1) prenesen je u veÄe mjerilo, u reaktor radnog volumena Vr = 10 L, gdje se proveo pokus P4. U pokusu P4 postignuta je konverzija od 56 % s maksimalnom temperaturom od 57,48 Ā°C i trajanjem termofilne faze od 4 dana.At present, due to population growth and industrial development, there is a global increase in generated wastewater quantities that require treatment. Active sludge generated in the biological procedure of wastewater treatment requires adequate disposal. The paper examines the efficiency of sludge treatment at the Vrgorac wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) using the composting process. The optimal ratio of sludge (M) and substrate (S) was determined based on maximum conversion, thermophilic stage duration and temperature. To this end, different ratios of the S and M mixture were tested (SP ā only biowaste, P1 ā S/M = 2.5:1 ; P2 ā S/M = 5:1 ; P3 ā S/M = 7:1) in reactors of working volume Vr = 1 L. In the tests SP, P1, P2 and P3, the achieved conversion ranged from 43 %, 64 %, 56 % to 53 %, respectively, maximum temperature was 57.1 Ā°C, 58.3 Ā°C, 61.4 Ā°C and 62.8 Ā°C, while the thermophilic stage lasted 3, 13, 7 and 5 days. The most efficient test (P1) was transferred to a larger scale, in the reactor with working volume Vr = 10 L, where the test P4 was conducted. In the test P4, the achieved conversion equalled 56 %, with maximum temperature of 57.48 Ā°C and thermophilic stage duration of 4 days.Mit der Steigerung der Einwohnerzahl und der industriellen Entwicklung wƤchst auch die Menge der zu behandelnden AbwƤsser. Im Laufe der biologischen Behandlung der AbwƤsser entsteht Belebtschlamm, der auf entsprechende Weise entsorgt werden muss.
In dieser Untersuchung wurde die Wirksamkeit der Behandlung des in der KlƤrwasseranlage der Stadt Vrgorac entstandenen Belebtschlammes durch Kompostierung geprĆ¼ft. AuĆerdem wurde das optimale VerhƤltnis zwischen Schlamm (M) und Substrat (S) auf Grund der maximalen Umwandlung, der Dauer der thermophilen Phase und der Temperatur festgestellt. Zu diesem Zwecke wurden unterschiedliche VerhƤltnisse von S und M (SP ā nur Bioabfall, P1 ā S/M = 2,5:1 ; P2 ā S/M = 5:1 ; P3 ā S/M = 7:1) in den Reaktoren mit Betriebsvolumen Vr = 1 L untersucht. In den Versuchen SP, P1, P2 und P3 wurde die Umwandlung von 43 %, 64 %, 56 % bzw. 53 % erzielt, die maximal gemessene Temperatur betrug 57,1 Ā°C, 58,3 Ā°C, 61,4 Ā°C bzw. 62,8 Ā°C, und die thermophile Phase dauerte 3, 13, 7 bzw. 5 Tage. Der wirksamste Versuch (P1) wurde in einen grƶĆeren MaĆstab Ć¼bertragen, nƤmlich, in den Reaktor mit Betriebsvolumen Vr = 10 L, wo der Versuch P4 durchgefĆ¼hrt wurde. In diesem Versuch wurde die Umwandlung von 56 % mit maximaler Temperatur von 57,48 Ā°C und der Dauer der thermophilen Phase von 4 Tagen erreicht