Experimental multi-photon-resolving detector using a single avalanche photodiode

A multichannel detector has been constructed using a single avalanche photodiode and a fiber-loop delay line. Detection probabilities of the channels can be set using a variable-ratio coupler. The performance of the detector is demonstrated on its capability to distinguish multi-photon states (containing two or more photons) from the one-photon state and the vacuum state.Comment: LATEX, 11 pages, 5 PostScript figure

Text Understanding with the Attention Sum Reader Network

Several large cloze-style context-question-answer datasets have been introduced recently: the CNN and Daily Mail news data and the Children's Book Test. Thanks to the size of these datasets, the associated text comprehension task is well suited for deep-learning techniques that currently seem to outperform all alternative approaches. We present a new, simple model that uses attention to directly pick the answer from the context as opposed to computing the answer using a blended representation of words in the document as is usual in similar models. This makes the model particularly suitable for question-answering problems where the answer is a single word from the document. Ensemble of our models sets new state of the art on all evaluated datasets.Comment: Presented at ACL 201

A Simple Topology Preserving Max-Flow Algorithm for Graph Cut Based Image Segmentation

In this paper, we propose a modification to the Boykov-Kolmogorov maximum flow algorithm [Boykov, Kolmogorv, IEEE 2004] in order to make the algorithm preserve the topology of an initial interface. This algorithm is being widely used in computer vision and image processing fields for its efficiency and speed when dealing with problems such as graph cut based image segmentation. Using our modification we are able to incorporate a topology prior into the algorithm allowing us to apply it in situations in which the inherent topological flexibility of graph cuts is inconvenient (e.g., biomedical image segmentation). Our approach exploits the simple point concept from digital geometry and is simpler and more straightforward to implement than previously introduced methods [Zeng, Samaras, Chen, Peng, Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 2008]. Due to the NP-completeness of the topology preserving problem our algorithm is only an approximation and is initialization dependent. However, promising results are demonstrated on graph cut based segmentation of both synthetic and real image data

DEALING WITH THE PAST: PROSECUTION AND PUNISHMENT OF COMMUNIST CRIMES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES / LIDAR COM O PASSADO: PROCESSOS PENAIS E PUNIÇÃO DE CRIMES COMUNISTAS NA EUROPA CENTRAL E ORIENTAL

This article addresses issues arising in the context of transition to democracy in Central and Eastern Europe, namely in Germany (former East Germany), Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. The contribution reflects various means of transitional justice which were applied in these countries: access to the archives of secret police, lustration and prosecution of the crimes of the past (successor trials). Central issue of this article is the criminal prosecution of communist crimes. Here authors focus their attention on two interrelated aspects: choice of applicable law and statutory limitations, which both are linked to the principle of legality. Practice and methods in prosecution of the communist crimes adopted across the analyzed countries reveal considerable heterogeneity and from comparative perspective pose a unique legal laboratory. Despite differences in applicable law, including treatment and interpretation of statutory limitations, and differences in overall outcomes of prosecution and punishment of the communist crimes, all countries were conformed to requirements of the principle of legality. The article thus confirms that states, when dealing with their past, enjoy a wide margin of appreciation.Keywords:  Communist crimes. Central and Eastern Europe. Transitional justice. Successor trials. Nullum crimen sine lege