Residential Radon and Brain Tumour Incidence in a Danish Cohort

BACKGROUND: Increased brain tumour incidence over recent decades may reflect improved diagnostic methods and clinical practice, but remain unexplained. Although estimated doses are low a relationship between radon and brain tumours may exist. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the long-term effect of exposure to residential radon on the risk of primary brain tumour in a prospective Danish cohort. METHODS: During 1993-1997 we recruited 57,053 persons. We followed each cohort member for cancer occurrence from enrolment until 31 December 2009, identifying 121 primary brain tumour cases. We traced residential addresses from 1 January 1971 until 31 December 2009 and calculated radon concentrations at each address using information from central databases regarding geology and house construction. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate incidence rate-ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the risk of primary brain tumours associated with residential radon exposure with adjustment for age, sex, occupation, fruit and vegetable consumption and traffic-related air pollution. Effect modification by air pollution was assessed. RESULTS: Median estimated radon was 40.5 Bq/m(3). The adjusted IRR for primary brain tumour associated with each 100 Bq/m(3) increment in average residential radon levels was 1.96 (95% CI: 1.07; 3.58) and this was exposure-dependently higher over the four radon exposure quartiles. This association was not modified by air pollution. CONCLUSIONS: We found significant associations and exposure-response patterns between long-term residential radon exposure radon in a general population and risk of primary brain tumours, adding new knowledge to this field. This finding could be chance and needs to be challenged in future studies

Air pollution from traffic and cancer incidence: a Danish cohort study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Vehicle engine exhaust includes ultrafine particles with a large surface area and containing absorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, transition metals and other substances. Ultrafine particles and soluble chemicals can be transported from the airways to other organs, such as the liver, kidneys, and brain. Our aim was to investigate whether air pollution from traffic is associated with risk for other cancers than lung cancer.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We followed up 54,304 participants in the Danish Diet Cancer and Health cohort for 20 selected cancers in the Danish Cancer Registry, from enrolment in 1993-1997 until 2006, and traced their residential addresses from 1971 onwards in the Central Population Registry. We used modeled concentration of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and amount of traffic at the residence as indicators of traffic-related air pollution and used Cox models to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) after adjustment for potential confounders.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>NO_xat the residence was significantly associated with risks for cervical cancer (IRR, 2.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01;5.93, per 100 μg/m³NO_x) and brain cancer (IRR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.25;4.19, per 100 μg/m³NO_x).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This hypothesis-generating study indicates that traffic-related air pollution might increase the risks for cervical and brain cancer, which should be tested in future studies.</p

Liposomes as Drug Deposits in Multilayered Polymer Films

The ex vivo growth of implantable hepatic or cardiac tissue remains a challenge and novel approaches are highly sought after. We report an approach to use liposomes embedded within multilayered films as drug deposits to deliver active cargo to adherent cells. We verify and characterize the assembly of poly­(l-lysine) (PLL)/alginate, PLL/poly­(l-glutamic acid), PLL/poly­(methacrylic acid) (PMA), and PLL/cholesterol-modified PMA (PMA_c) films, and assess the myoblast and hepatocyte adhesion to these coatings using different numbers of polyelectrolyte layers. The assembly of liposome-containing multilayered coatings is monitored by QCM-D, and the films are visualized using microscopy. The myoblast and hepatocyte adhesion to these films using PLL/PMA_c or poly­(styrenesulfonate) (PSS)/poly­(allyl amine hydrochloride) (PAH) as capping layers is evaluated. Finally, the uptake of fluorescent lipids from the surface by these cells is demonstrated and compared. The activity of this liposome-containing coating is confirmed for both cell lines by trapping the small cytotoxic compound thiocoraline within the liposomes. It is shown that the biological response depends on the number of capping layers, and is different for the two cell lines when the compound is delivered from the surface, while it is similar when administered from solution. Taken together, we demonstrate the potential of liposomes as drug deposits in multilayered films for surface-mediated drug delivery