13 research outputs found
Seasonal variations in air concentrations of 27 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 25 current-use pesticides (CUPs) across three agricultural areas of South Africa
For decades pesticides have been used in agriculture, however, the occurrence of legacy organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and current-use pesticides (CUPs) is poorly understood in Africa. This study investigates air concentrations of OCPs and CUPs in three South African agricultural areas, their spatial/seasonal variations and mixture profiles. Between 2017 and 2018, 54 polyurethane foam-disks passive air-samplers (PUF-PAS) were positioned in three agricultural areas of the Western Cape, producing mainly apples, table grapes and wheat. Within areas, 25 CUPs were measured at two sites (farm and village), and 27 OCPs at one site (farm). Kruskal-Wallis tests investigated area differences in OCPs concentrations, and linear mixed-effect models studied differences in CUPs concentrations between areas, sites and sampling rounds. In total, 20 OCPs and 16 CUPs were detected. A median of 16 OCPs and 10 CUPs were detected per sample, making a total of 11 OCPs and 24 CUPs combinations. Eight OCPs (trans-chlordane, o,p'-/p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE)/dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), endosulfan sulfate, γ-hexachlorocyclohexane and mirex) and two CUPs (carbaryl and chlorpyrifos) were quantified in all samples. p,p'-DDE (median 0.14 ng/m(3)) and chlorpyrifos (median 0.70 ng/m(3)) showed the highest concentrations throughout the study. Several OCPs and CUPs showed different concentrations between areas and seasons, although CUPs concentrations did not differ between sites. OCPs ratios suggest ongoing chlordane use in the region, while DDT and endosulfan contamination result from past-use. Our study revealed spatial and seasonal variations of different OCPs and CUPs combinations detected in air. Further studies are needed to investigate the potential cumulative or synergistic risks of the detected pesticides
Survival and early growth of silver fir and pioneer species on two sites in nurse crop regeneration systems in the Czech Republic
Silver fir used to be one of the most important tree species in the Czech forests until the 19th
century. Large scale clearcuts, which nowadays occur after the salvage logging of Norway spruce due to
wind of bark-beetle attacks are unfavourable for the artificial regeneration of a fir. Growth of silver fir and
three pioneer species was studied during first three years in a nurse crop system established after forest dis-
turbance events. Five-years-old containerized silver fir seedlings were planted in autumn 2014 with silver
birch, alder or aspen with and without nurse crops (control plot) on two localities (Tornádo and Rakovec).
The Tornádo site represents natural conditions of Central European forest (Fageta typica) type on a haplic
cambisols and favourable soil water regime, while Rakovec site a Querco-Abietetum forest type on a haplic
stagnosols, which was periodically waterlogged. Silver fir grew best in admixture with silver birch which
significantly promoted the height increment of the firs on both localities and improved the fir survival rate
at one of the sites. The lower mortality and faster growth of both silver fir and pioneers were observed on
Tornádo site where 92% and 100% of the silver fir trees survived under the birch and aspen cover, respec-
tively, while 93% of planted firs survived in the open area. Only 93% and 67% of silver firs survived on the
Rakovec site with same two pioneer species, respectively and 73% in the open area. After three years the
highest height increment of silver fir was observed under silver birch, where trees were by 20 cm and 11 cm
taller at Tornádo and Rakovec sites, than on the control plots, respectively. Aspen and alder had no significant
effect on the height increment of a silver fir at any of the study sites. The shelter of nurse crops had no
effect on the air temperature. The artificial regeneration of a climax silver fir and a pioneer silver birch was
beneficial on Tornádo sites. On the other hand, there should be a delay between the regeneration of silver
birch and underplanting of fir on the waterlogged sites
Nitro- and oxy-PAHs in grassland soils from decade-long sampling in central Europe
Long-term exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitrated (NPAHs) and oxygenated (OPAHs) derivatives can cause adverse health effects due to their carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and oxidative potential. The distribution of PAH derivatives in the terrestrial environment has hardly been studied, although several PAH derivatives are ubiquitous in air and long-lived in soil and water. We report the multi-annual variations in the concentrations of NPAHs, OPAHs and PAHs in soils sampled at a semi-urban (Mokrá, Czech Republic) and a regional background site (Košetice, Czech Republic) in central Europe. The concentrations of the Σ18NPAHs and the Σ11+2OPAHs and O-heterocycles were 0.31 ± 0.23 ng g−1 and 4.03 ± 3.03 ng g−1, respectively, in Košetice, while slightly higher concentrations of 0.54 ± 0.45 ng g−1 and 5.91 ± 0.45 ng g−1, respectively, were found in soil from Mokrá. Among the 5 NPAHs found in the soils, 1-nitropyrene and less so 6-nitrobenzo(a)pyrene were most abundant. The OPAHs were more evenly distributed. The ratios of the PAH derivatives to their parent PAHs in Košetice indicate that they were long-range transported to the background site. Our results show that several NPAHs and OPAHs are abundant in soil and that gas-particle partitioning is a major factor influencing the concentration of several semi-volatile NPAHs and OPAHs in the soils. Complete understanding of the long-term variations of NPAH and OPAH concentrations in soil is limited by the lack of kinetic data describing their formation and degradation.Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004189Czech Science FoundationMinisterstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy (CZ)Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy
http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001823Českomoravský Cement a.s.Horizon 2020
http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100007601Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (2
Nitro- and oxy-PAHs in grassland soils from decade-long sampling in central Europe
Long-term exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitrated (NPAHs) and oxygenated (OPAHs) derivatives can cause adverse health effects due to their carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and oxidative potential. The distribution of PAH derivatives in the terrestrial environment has hardly been studied, although several PAH derivatives are ubiquitous in air and long-lived in soil and water. We report the multi-annual variations in the concentrations of NPAHs, OPAHs and PAHs in soils sampled at a semi-urban (Mokrá, Czech Republic) and a regional background site (Košetice, Czech Republic) in central Europe. The concentrations of the Σ18NPAHs and the Σ11+2OPAHs and O-heterocycles were 0.31 ± 0.23 ng g−1 and 4.03 ± 3.03 ng g−1, respectively, in Košetice, while slightly higher concentrations of 0.54 ± 0.45 ng g−1 and 5.91 ± 0.45 ng g−1, respectively, were found in soil from Mokrá. Among the 5 NPAHs found in the soils, 1-nitropyrene and less so 6-nitrobenzo(a)pyrene were most abundant. The OPAHs were more evenly distributed. The ratios of the PAH derivatives to their parent PAHs in Košetice indicate that they were long-range transported to the background site. Our results show that several NPAHs and OPAHs are abundant in soil and that gas-particle partitioning is a major factor influencing the concentration of several semi-volatile NPAHs and OPAHs in the soils. Complete understanding of the long-term variations of NPAH and OPAH concentrations in soil is limited by the lack of kinetic data describing their formation and degradation
Prediction and measurement of selected phase transformation temperatures of steels
The study deals with precise determination of phase transformation
temperatures of steel. A series of experimental measurements were carried
out by Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Direct Thermal Analysis (TA)
to obtain temperatures very close to the equilibrium temperatures. There are
presented results from the high temperatures region, above 1000°C, with
focus on the solidus temperatures (TS), peritectic transition (TP) and
liquidus (TL) of multicomponent steels. The data obtained were verified by
statistical evaluation and compared with computational thermodynamic and
empirical calculations. The calculations were performed using 15 empirical
equations obtained by literature research (10 for TL and 5 for TS), as well
as by software InterDendritic Solidification (IDS) and Thermo-Calc (2015b,
TCFE8; TC). It was verified that both thermo-analytical methods used are set
correctly; the results are reproducible, comparable and close to equilibrium
state