Structure et dynamique des maximums de chlorophylle subsuperficiels en Arctique canadien

Dans l'océan Arctique, les conditions de croissance des micro-algues sont particulièrement variables et souvent contraignantes. De par sa position et sa taille modeste, cet océan est fortement influencé par les fleuves affluents et les eaux de l'Atlantique et du Pacifique. La lente propagation de ces eaux fait en sorte que, durant le premier été, le phytoplancton épuise les nutriments dans la couche de surface; le renouvellement des nutriments est ensuite limité par la très forte stratification verticale causée par l’accumulation d’eau douce. Ces conditions mènent le phytoplancton à trouver un compromis entre la limitation en lumière (en profondeur) et en nutriment (en surface), ce qui conduit à la formation d'un maximum de chlorophylle subsuperficiel (SCM). L'objectif premier de cette thèse était d’examiner, pour la première fois, la structure verticale, l’écologie et la productivité des SCM en fonction des conditions du milieu dans différents secteurs côtiers de l'Arctique canadien. Il appert que les SCM sont des structures omniprésentes et persistantes dans les eaux libres de glace. La plupart des SCM étaient associés à la nitracline, suggérant que la disponibilité en nitrate exerce une influence dominante sur leur positionnement vertical. Une étude expérimentale des relations entre la lumière, la disponibilité en azote et la productivité primaire a montré que les algues du SCM présentent de fortes compétences photosynthétiques et assimilent activement le carbone, le nitrate et d’autres sources d’azote. Bien que leur productivité à court terme soit contrainte par la faible luminosité et les basses températures, les algues du SCM contribuent largement à la production primaire journalière nouvelle, représentant une source majeure de matière organique pour l’écosystème. Comme il est difficile de mesurer la production annuelle du SCM, les résultats expérimentaux ont été jumelés à un modèle écosystémique numérique initialisé et forcé avec les conditions physico-chimiques du golfe d’Amundsen. Les simulations indiquent que la couche verticale englobant le SCM effectuerait l’essentiel de la synthèse de matière organique dans cet environnement. Vu l’impact présumé du SCM sur le réseau alimentaire, les flux verticaux de carbone et la justesse des estimations satellitaires de productivité, la meilleure compréhension de la dynamique des SCM résultant de cette thèse permet de jeter un regard nouveau sur l’écologie de l’océan Arctique dans un contexte de changements climatiques rapides.In the Arctic Ocean, the growth conditions of micro-algae are highly variable and often restrictive. By virtue of its location and small size, this ocean is strongly influenced by water inputs from large rivers and the adjacent Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The slow propagation of these waters ensures that the phytoplankton exhausts nutrients in surface waters during the first summer. Afterwards, upward nutrient renewal is curtailed by the strong vertical stratification imparted by the accumulation of freshwater. These conditions force the phytoplankton to find a compromise between light limitation at depth and nutrient limitation at the surface, resulting in the formation of subsurface chlorophyll maximums (SCM). The central objective of this thesis was to provide the first comprehensive analysis of the vertical structure, ecology and productivity of SCM with respect to environmental conditions across different sectors of the coastal Canadian Arctic. Results revealed the widespread occurrence of long-lived SCM in ice-free waters. Most of these SCM were closely associated with the nitracline, implying that their vertical positioning was primarily influenced by nitrate availability in the lower euphotic zone. Experimental assessments of nitrogen nutrition and photosynthetic rates showed that SCM phytoplankton possessed high photosynthetic competency and were actively assimilating carbon, nitrate and other nitrogen sources. Although low irradiance and temperature constrained short-term productivity in the lower euphotic zone, SCM contributed strongly to daily new production and thus represented a major source of organic matter in the ecosystem. Since the overall contribution of SCM to annual productivity is very difficult to measure directly, experimental results were combined with a numerical ecosystem model initialized with and forced by the physico-chemical conditions of Amundsen Gulf. The simulations indicate that SCM layers potentially contribute most of the annual new and total primary production in the southeast Beaufort Sea. Since these layers presumably exert a strong impact on the food web, vertical carbon flux and the accuracy of remote-sensing estimates of productivity, the new knowledge of SCM dynamics generated in this thesis provides crucial insights into the ecology of the Arctic Ocean in a context of rapid environmental changes

Polymerase chain reaction amplifying mycobacterial DNA from aspirates obtained by endoscopic ultrasound allows accurate diagnosis of mycobacterial disease in HIV-positive patients with abdominal lymphadenopathy

Abdominal lymphadopathy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains a diagnostic challenge. We performed a prospective cohort study recruiting thirty-one symptomatic HIV+ patients with abdominal lymphadenopathy assessing diagnostic yield of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) fine needle aspiration (FNA). Mean age was 38 years, 52% were female, mean CD4 count and viral load were 124 cells/pl, and 4 log respectively. EUS confirmed additional mediastinal nodes in 26 %. Porta- hepatis was the most common abdominal site. EUS FNA was subjected to cytology, culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Mycobacterial infections were confirmed in 67.7% and 31% had reactive lymphadenopathy. Cytology and culture had low sensitivity whereas PCR identified 90% of mycobacterial infections. Combining appearance of EUS FNA and cytology a diagnostic algorithm was developed to indicate when analysis with PCR would be useful. PCR performed on an EUS guided aspirate was highly accurate in confirming mycobacterial disease and determining genotypic drug resistance.South African Gastroenterological Society (SAGES)/ Astra Zeneca Fellowship in Gastroenterology awarded to Schalk van der Merwehttp://www.journals.elsevier.com/ultrasound-in-medicine-and-biology/hb201

Association of Adipose tissue inflammation with histologic severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

BACKGROUND & AIMS : The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased with the obesity pandemic. We analyzed the transcriptional profiles of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and phenotypes and functional characteristics of adipocyte tissue macrophages (ATMs), in obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. METHODS : We collected anthropometric data; plasma samples; and SAT, VAT, and liver tissues from 113 obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery at academic hospitals in Europe (Antwerp and Leuven) and South Africa. Based on clinical and histologic features, patients were assigned to the following groups: obese, NAFLD, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or NASH with fibrosis. Microarray analyses were performed to identify genes expressed differentially among groups. We measured levels of cytokines and chemokines in plasma samples and levels of RNAs in adipose tissues by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. ATMs were isolated from patients and 13 lean individuals undergoing cholecystectomy (controls), analyzed by flow cytometry, and cultured; immunophenotypes and levels of cytokines and chemokines in supernatants were determined. RESULTS : We observed increased expression of genes that regulate inflammation in adipose tissues from patients with NAFLD and NASH; expression of these genes increased as disease progressed from NAFLD to NASH. We found 111 genes associated with inflammation that were expressed differentially between VAT and SAT. Serum levels of interleukin 8, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3, and tumor necrosis factor-a correlated with liver inflammation and NAFLD activity score. We developed 2 models that could be used to determine patients’ liver histology based on gene expression in VAT and SAT. Flow cytometry showed increased proportions of CD11cþCD206þ and CCR2þ macrophages in VAT from patients with NASH, and supernatants of cultured macrophages had increased levels of cytokines and chemokines compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS : VAT and SAT from patients with NAFLD and NASH have an increased expression of genes that regulate inflammation, and ATM produce increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, compared with adipose tissues from controls. We identified an expression profile of 5 genes in SAT that accurately predict liver histology in these patients. Transcript profiling: accession numbers: GSE58979 and GSE59045.Schalk van der Merwe, Chantal Mathieu, Frederik Nevens, David Cassiman, and Sven Francque are recipients of the Flanders fund for scientific research (FWO klinisch mandaat), and Hannelie Korf is a recipient of the FWO postdoctoral mandate. Research at the Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism and the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology of the Antwerp University Hospital (Belgium) was supported by the European Union: FP6 (HEPADIP contract LSHM-CT-2005-018734) and FP7-HEALTH (RESOLVE no. 305707). Supported by a fellowship from the South African Gastroenterology Association and a scholarship from the European Association for the Study of the Liver (J.d.P.). This research also was supported by a research grant from the Gastro foundation of South Africa. The authors specifically acknowledge the support of Dr. Chris Kassianides. Also funded in part by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG-SFB 1052/1: Obesity Mechanisms (projects A04) and by the Helmholtz Alliance Imaging and Curing Environmental Metabolic Disease through the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association (M.G.).http://www.journals.elsevier.com/gastroenterology2016-09-30hb2016Internal Medicin

Localization of type 1 diabetes susceptibility to the MHC class I genes HLA-B and HLA-A

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6 is associated with susceptibility to more common diseases than any other region of the human genome, including almost all disorders classified as autoimmune. In type 1 diabetes the major genetic susceptibility determinants have been mapped to the MHC class II genes HLA-DQB1 and HLA-DRB1 (refs 1-3), but these genes cannot completely explain the association between type 1 diabetes and the MHC region. Owing to the region's extreme gene density, the multiplicity of disease-associated alleles, strong associations between alleles, limited genotyping capability, and inadequate statistical approaches and sample sizes, which, and how many, loci within the MHC determine susceptibility remains unclear. Here, in several large type 1 diabetes data sets, we analyse a combined total of 1,729 polymorphisms, and apply statistical methods - recursive partitioning and regression - to pinpoint disease susceptibility to the MHC class I genes HLA-B and HLA-A (risk ratios >1.5; Pcombined = 2.01 × 10-19 and 2.35 × 10-13, respectively) in addition to the established associations of the MHC class II genes. Other loci with smaller and/or rarer effects might also be involved, but to find these, future searches must take into account both the HLA class II and class I genes and use even larger samples. Taken together with previous studies, we conclude that MHC-class-I-mediated events, principally involving HLA-B*39, contribute to the aetiology of type 1 diabetes. ©2007 Nature Publishing Group

A visceral pseudoaneurysm : management by EUS-guided thrombin injection

No abstract available

Polymerase chain reaction amplifying mycobacterial DNA from aspirates obtained by endoscopic ultrasound allows accurate diagnosis of mycobacterial disease in HIV-positive patients with abdominal lymphadenopathy

Abdominal lymphadenopathy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a diagnostic challenge. We performed a prospective cohort study by recruiting 31 symptomatic HIV + patients with abdominal lymphadenopathy and assessing the diagnostic yield of endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA). Mean age was 38 years; 52% were female; and mean CD4 count and viral load were 124 cells/μL and 4 log, respectively. EUS confirmed additional mediastinal nodes in 26%. The porta hepatis was the most common abdominal site. Aspirates obtained by EUS-FNA were subjected to cytology, culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Mycobacterial infections were confirmed in 67.7%, and 31% had reactive lymphadenopathy. Cytology and culture had low sensitivity, whereas PCR identified 90% of mycobacterial infections. By combining the appearance of aspirates obtained by EUS-FNA and cytologic specimens, we developed a diagnostic algorithm to indicate when analysis with PCR would be useful. PCR performed on material obtained by EUS-FNA was highly accurate in confirming mycobacterial disease and determining genotypic drug resistance.status: publishe

A visceral pseudoaneurysm: management by EUS-guided thrombin injection

No abstract available

Physicochemical and photosynthetic characteristics of water samples obtained during a CCGS Amundsen cruise in 2008

During summer 2008, as part of the Circumpolar Flaw Lead system study, we measured phytoplankton photosynthetic parameters to understand regional patterns in primary productivity, including the degree and timescale of photoacclimation and how variability in environmental conditions influences this response. Photosynthesis-irradiance measurements were taken at 15 sites primarily from the depth of the subsurface chlorophyll a (Chl a) maximum (SCM) within the Beaufort Sea flaw lead polynya. The physiological response of phytoplankton to a range of light levels was used to assess maximum rates of carbon (C) fixation (P*m), photosynthetic efficiency (alpha*), photoacclimation (Ek), and photoinhibition (beta*). SCM samples taken along a transect from under ice into open water exhibited a >3-fold increase in alpha* and P*m, showing these parameters can vary substantially over relatively small spatial scales, primarily in response to changes in the ambient light field. Algae were able to maintain relatively high rates of C fixation despite low light at the SCM, particularly in the large (>5 µm) size fraction at open water sites. This may substantially impact biogenic C drawdown if species composition shifts in response to future climate change. Our results suggest that phytoplankton in this region are well acclimated to existing environmental conditions, including sea ice cover, low light, and nutrient pulses. Furthermore, this photoacclimatory response can be rapid and keep pace with a developing SCM, as phytoplankton maintain photosynthetic rates and efficiencies in a narrow ''shade-acclimated'' range