Revisión de 13 especies de la familia Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) vectores de la enfermedad de Chagas, en México

Vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, parasite responsible for Chagas disease, are divided in intradomestic, peridomestic andsylvatic. The intradomestic are Triatoma barberi and Triatoma dimidiata, two species that represent the highest healthrisk among the Mexican population. Triatoma dimidiata is a species found mainly inside human habitats, but inYucatan, it corresponds to the peridomicile vectors. Also in the peridomicile most of Chagas disease vectors arefound: Meccus bassolsae, M. longipennis, M. mazzottii, M pallidipennis, M. phyllosomus, M picturata, Triatomagerstaeckeri, T mexicana, T rubida, Dipetalogaster máxima (the last two are in the process of becoming adapted tothe domicile), Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus which occasionally enters the domicile in its adult stage, and Rhodniusprolixus, which is practically controlled in the country. Peridomestic vectors are of lower risk in the transmissiondynamics, as compared to the intradomestic ones. For the control of the intradomestic vectors, health educationprograms, improvements of housing, and the use of pesticides are essential To control the peridomestic vectors, healtheducation programs are required, as well as the use of mosquito nets on doors and windows and around beds, asidefrom cementing the stone wall fences.Los transmisores de Trypanosoma cruzi, flagelado causante de la enfermedad, se dividen en intradomiciliados,peridomiciliados y silvestres. Entre los intradomiciliados se encuentran, Triatoma barberi y Triatoma dimidiata, queson los que representan un mayor riesgo para la Salud Pública, en México. Aunque Triatoma dimidiata se encuentraprincipalmente dentro de la vivienda, en Yucatán tiene un comportamiento peridomiciliar, dentro de este grupo seencuentran la mayoría de los transmisores de la enfermedad de Chagas Meccus longipennis, M. mazzottii, M.pallidipennis, M. phyllosomus, M. picturatus, Triatoma gerstaeckeri, T. mexicana, T. rubida, Dipetalogaster máxima,Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus y Rhodnius prolixus. Los transmisores peridomiciliados son de menor riesgo en ladinámica de transmisión comparados con los intradomiciliados. Para el control de los transmisores intradomiciliados,se deben emplear programas de educación para la salud, mejoramiento de vivienda e insecticidas; mientras que paralos vectores visitantes o peridomiciliados, son necesarios programas de educación para la salud, uso de mosquiteros,pabellones y cementación de las bardas de piedra

Análisis de mortalidad y estancia hospitalaria en cirugía cardiaca en México 2015: datos del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar las causas de mortalidad hospitalaria de pacientes operados de cirugía cardiaca en México en el año 2015. Identificar los factores de riesgo de mortalidad y realizar una correlación con el tiempo de estancia hospitalaria en terapia intensiva cardiovascular. Método: Estudio de casos y controles. Se estudió la base de datos de la Terapia Intensiva Cardiovascular del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes adultos operados de cirugía cardiaca en el año 2015. Resultados: Se operaron 571 pacientes. La indicación quirúrgica predominante fue la cirugía de cambio valvular único o múltiple, seguida de la cirugía de revascularización coronaria y corrección de cardiopatías congénitas del adulto. La mortalidad global fue de un 9.2% y el 8% falleció en terapia intensiva. Los principales factores de riesgo de muerte fueron la presencia de falla orgánica o hipertensión pulmonar prequirúrgica, y el tiempo prolongado de circulación extracorpórea. La principal causa de muerte fue el choque cardiogénico. La mortalidad hospitalaria observada en esta población fue mayor para los operados de tromboendarterectomía pulmonar, cirugía de enfermedad aórtica compleja y cirugía valvular. Conclusiones: La mortalidad de los pacientes operados de cirugía cardiaca en México difiere levemente de la reportada en la literatura mundial porque se trata mayormente de cirugía multivalvular y de procedimientos quirúrgicos mixtos complejos. Abstract: Objective: To analyse hospital mortality in patients subjected to cardiac surgery in Mexico during the year 2015, and identify the mortality risks factors, and its correlation with days of hospital stay in the cardiovascular intensive care unit. Method: The database of Cardiovascular Intensive Care of the National Institute of Cardiology was examined for this cases and controls study that included only adult patients subjected to cardiac surgery during the year 2015. Results: A total of 571 patients were subjected to a surgical procedure. The predominant indication was single or multiple valve replacement surgery, followed by coronary revascularisation surgery, and correction of adult congenital heart disease. Overall mortality was 9.2, and 8% died in intensive care. The main risk factors for death were preoperative organ failure or pulmonary hypertension, and prolonged time with extracorporeal circulation. The primary cause of death was secondary to cardiogenic shock. The hospital mortality observed in this population was higher for patients undergoing pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, complex aortic disease surgery, and valvular surgery. Conclusions: The mortality of patients undergoing cardiac surgery in Mexico differs slightly from that reported in the world literature, primarily because there were more multivalvular surgeries and mixed complex procedures performed. Palabras clave: Mortalidad, Cirugía cardiaca, Cirugía valvular, Estancia hospitalaria, Choque cardiogénico, México, Keywords: Mortality, Cardiac surgery, Valve surgery, Hospital stay, Cardiogenic shock, Mexic

Main Cardiac Histopathologic Alterations in the Acute Phase of <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> Infection in a Murine Model

Symptoms in the acute phase of Chagas disease are usually mild and nonspecific. However, after several years, severe complications like dilated heart failure and even death may arise in the chronic phase. Due to the lack of specific symptoms in the acute phase, the aim of this work was to describe and analyze the cardiac histopathology during this phase in a CD1 mouse model by assessing parasitism, fibrotic damage, and the presence and composition of a cellular infiltrate, to determine its involvement in the pathogenesis of lesions in the cardiac tissue. Our results indicate that the acute phase lasts about 62 days post-infection (dpi). A significant increase in parasitemia was observed since 15 dpi, reaching a maximum at 33 dpi (4.1 × 106). The presence of amastigote nests was observed at 15–62 dpi, with a maximum count of 27 nests at 35 dpi. An infiltrate consisting primarily of macrophages and neutrophils was found in the cardiac tissue within the first 30 days, but the abundance of lymphocytes showed an 8 ≥ fold increase at 40–62 dpi. Unifocal interstitial fibrosis was identified after 9 dpi, which subsequently showed a 16 ≥ fold increase at 40–60 dpi, along with a 50% mortality rate in the model under study. The increased area of fibrotic lesions revealed progression in the extent of fibrosis, mainly at 50–62 dpi. The presence of perivasculitis and thrombus circulation disorders was seen in the last days (62 dpi); finally, cases of myocytolysis were observed at 50 and 62 dpi. These histopathological alterations, combined with collagen deposition, seem to lead to the development of interstitial fibrosis and damage to the cardiac tissue during the acute phase of infection. This study provides a more complete understanding of the patterns of histopathological abnormalities involved in the acute phase, which could help the development of new therapies to aid the preclinical tests of drugs for their application in Chagas disease

Bacterial symbionts in human blood-feeding arthropods: Patterns, general mechanisms and effects of global ecological changes

Due to their high impact on public health, human blood-feeding arthropods are one of the most relevant animal groups. Bacterial symbionts have been long known to play a role in the metabolism, and reproduction of these arthropod vectors. Nowadays, we have a more complete picture of their functions, acknowledging the wide influence of bacterial symbionts on processes ranging from the immune response of the arthropod host to the possible establishment of pathogens and parasites. One or two primary symbiont species have been found to co-evolve along with their host in each taxon (being ticks an exception), leading to various kinds of symbiosis, mostly mutualistic in nature. Moreover, several secondary symbiont species are shared by all arthropod groups. With respect to gut microbiota, several bacterial symbionts genera are hosted in common, indicating that these bacterial groups are prone to invade several hematophagous arthropod species feeding on humans. The main mechanisms underlying bacterium-arthropod symbiosis are discussed, highlighting that even primary symbionts elicit an immune response from the host. Bacterial groups in the gut microbiota play a key role in immune homeostasis, and in some cases symbiont bacteria could be competing directly or indirectly with pathogens and parasites. Finally, the effects climate change, great human migrations, and the increasingly frequent interactions of wild and domestic animal species are analyzed, along with their implications on microbiota alteration and their possible impacts on public health and the control of pathogens and parasites harbored in arthropod vectors of human parasites and pathogens

Evaluación de la función y sincronía de la contracción ventricular en pacientes con enfermedad de Chagas en estadio de latencia

Objetivo: Comparar la función ventricular izquierda y la sincronía de la contracción ventricular en un grupo de sujetos con enfermedad de Chagas en estadio de latencia respecto a un grupo de individuos control. Método: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, transversal, comparativo y no aleatorio de la función ventricular izquierda (FVI) y la sincronía de la contracción ventricular (SCV) en 36 personas con serología positiva de enfermedad de Chagas (18 varones y 18 mujeres) cuya edad promedio fue de 15 ± 5 años. Los hallazgos se compararon respecto a un grupo de 23 voluntarios considerados normales (11 varones y 12 mujeres) con edad promedio de 28 ± 5 años. La FVI y la SCV fueron evaluadas mediante la modalidad de imagen denominada ventriculografía radioisotópica en equilibrio (VRIE). Para comparar las poblaciones se utilizó la prueba estadística t de Student para muestras independientes, y se consideró un valor de significancia de p < 0.05. Resultados: Los parámetros utilizados para evaluar la FVI y la SCV en los sujetos con serología positiva para enfermedad de Chagas no fueron diferentes desde el punto de vista estadístico a los calculados para los sujetos control. Sin embargo, aunque la contracción es homogénea, el tiempo promedio en que se realiza la contracción del ventrículo derecho (VD) y del ventrículo izquierdo (VI) sí es menor estadísticamente respecto al grupo de sujetos control. Conclusiones: En estadios clínicamente incipientes de la enfermedad de Chagas no se detectaron anormalidades en la FVI ni signos de asincronía interventricular o intraventricular. Es necesario realizar el seguimiento de la población estudiada con índices que permitan identificar anormalidades en el sistema nervioso autónomo

Expression of Proteins, Glycoproteins, and Transcripts in the Guts of Fasting, Fed, and <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i>-Infected Triatomines: A Systematic Review

Chagas disease is caused by the hemoflagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The main transmission mechanism for the parasite in endemic areas is contact with the feces of an infected triatomine bug. Part of the life cycle of T. cruzi occurs in the digestive tract of triatomines, where vector and parasite engage in a close interaction at a proteomic–molecular level. This interaction triggers replication and differentiation processes in the parasite that can affect its infectivity for the vertebrate host. With the aim of compiling and analyzing information from indexed publications on transcripts, proteins, and glycoproteins in the guts of fasting, fed, and T. cruzi-infected triatomines in the period 2000–2022, a systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Fifty-five original research articles retrieved from PubMed and ScienceDirect were selected; forty-four papers reported 1–26,946 transcripts, and twenty-one studies described 1–2603 peptides/proteins

Identification of O-Glcnacylated Proteins in Trypanosoma cruzi

International audienceOriginally an anthropozoonosis in the Americas, Chagas disease has spread from its previous borders through migration. It is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Differences in disease severity have been attributed to a natural pleomorphism in T. cruzi. Several post-translational modifications (PTMs) have been studied in T. cruzi, but to date no work has focused on O-GlcNAcylation, a highly conserved monosaccharide-PTM of serine and threonine residues mainly found in nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondrion proteins. O-GlcNAcylation is thought to regulate protein function analogously to protein phosphorylation; indeed, crosstalk between both PTMs allows the cell to regulate its functions in response to nutrient levels and stress. Herein, we demonstrate O-GlcNAcylation in T. cruzi epimastigotes by three methods: by using specific antibodies against the modification in lysates and whole parasites, by click chemistry labeling, and by proteomics. In total, 1,271 putative O-GlcNAcylated proteins and six modification sequences were identified by mass spectrometry (data available via ProteomeXchange, ID PXD010285). Most of these proteins have structural and metabolic functions that are essential for parasite survival and evolution. Furthermore, O-GlcNAcylation pattern variations were observed by antibody detection under glucose deprivation and heat stress conditions, supporting their possible role in the adaptive response. Given the numerous biological processes in which O-GlcNAcylated proteins participate, its identification in T. cruzi proteins opens a new research field in the biology of Trypanosomatids, improve our understanding of infection processes and may allow us to identify new therapeutic targets

A revision of thirteen species of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) vectors of Chagas disease in Mexico

Vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, parasite responsible for Chagas disease, are divided in intradomestic, peridomestic and sylvatic. The intradomestic are Triatoma barberi and Triatoma dimidiata, two species that represent the highest health risk among the Mexican population. Triatoma dimidiata is a species found mainly inside human habitats, but in Yucatan, it corresponds to the peridomicile vectors. Also in the peridomicile most of Chagas disease vectors are found: Meccus bassolsae, M. longipennis, M. mazzottii, M pallidipennis, M. phyllosomus, M picturata, Triatoma gerstaeckeri, T mexicana, T rubida, Dipetalogaster máxima (the last two are in the process of becoming adapted to the domicile), Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus which occasionally enters the domicile in its adult stage, and Rhodnius prolixus, which is practically controlled in the country. Peridomestic vectors are of lower risk in the transmission dynamics, as compared to the intradomestic ones. For the control of the intradomestic vectors, health education programs, improvements of housing, and the use of pesticides are essential To control the peridomestic vectors, health education programs are required, as well as the use of mosquito nets on doors and windows and around beds, aside from cementing the stone wall fences

A revision of thirteen species of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) vectors of Chagas disease in Mexico

Vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, parasite responsible for Chagas disease, are divided in intradomestic, peridomestic and sylvatic. The intradomestic are Triatoma barberi and Triatoma dimidiata, two species that represent the highest health risk among the Mexican population. Triatoma dimidiata is a species found mainly inside human habitats, but in Yucatan, it corresponds to the peridomicile vectors. Also in the peridomicile most of Chagas disease vectors are found: Meccus bassolsae, M. longipennis, M. mazzottii, M pallidipennis, M. phyllosomus, M picturata, Triatoma gerstaeckeri, T mexicana, T rubida, Dipetalogaster máxima (the last two are in the process of becoming adapted to the domicile), Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus which occasionally enters the domicile in its adult stage, and Rhodnius prolixus, which is practically controlled in the country. Peridomestic vectors are of lower risk in the transmission dynamics, as compared to the intradomestic ones. For the control of the intradomestic vectors, health education programs, improvements of housing, and the use of pesticides are essential To control the peridomestic vectors, health education programs are required, as well as the use of mosquito nets on doors and windows and around beds, aside from cementing the stone wall fences.Los transmisores de Trypanosoma cruzi, flagelado causante de la enfermedad, se dividen en intradomiciliados, peridomiciliados y silvestres. Entre los intradomiciliados se encuentran, Triatoma barberi y Triatoma dimidiata, que son los que representan un mayor riesgo para la Salud Pública, en México. Aunque Triatoma dimidiata se encuentra principalmente dentro de la vivienda, en Yucatán tiene un comportamiento peridomiciliar, dentro de este grupo se encuentran la mayoría de los transmisores de la enfermedad de Chagas Meccus longipennis, M. mazzottii, M. pallidipennis, M. phyllosomus, M. picturatus, Triatoma gerstaeckeri, T. mexicana, T. rubida, Dipetalogaster máxima, Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus y Rhodnius prolixus. Los transmisores peridomiciliados son de menor riesgo en la dinámica de transmisión comparados con los intradomiciliados. Para el control de los transmisores intradomiciliados, se deben emplear programas de educación para la salud, mejoramiento de vivienda e insecticidas; mientras que para los vectores visitantes o peridomiciliados, son necesarios programas de educación para la salud, uso de mosquiteros, pabellones y cementación de las bardas de piedra