Evaluación del Biocarbón como enmienda correctora de la clorosis férrica

Premio extraordinario de Trabajo Fin de Máster curso 2012-2013.Cambio Global: Recursos Naturales y SostenibilidadEl biocarbón es un material que se obtiene mediante la descomposición térmica de biomasa residual a temperaturas relativamente bajas (<700oC) y bajo condiciones limitantes de oxígeno (pirólisis). En la actualidad, el biocarbón está generando un enorme interés debido a que puede contribuir a mitigar los efectos del cambio climático y puede ejercer efectos beneficiosos sobre los cultivos agrícolas y forestales, incrementando la producción y limitando el uso de fertilizantes. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es evaluar el efecto del biocarbón sobre la disponibilidad de hierro en un suelo altamente inductor de clorosis férrica. Como cultivo se utilizó el altramuz (Lupinus Albus L.), realizando un diseño factorial con 2 tipos de biocarbón (uno procedente de poda de olivo y otro elaborado a partir de astilla de pino) y 2 fuentes de hierro (sulfato ferroso y quelato de hierro). Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que el biocarbón de poda de olivo produjo un aumento en la producción de altramuz en condiciones de deficiencia de Fe. Además, la combinación de éste con las fuentes de hierro presentó mejores resultados en algunas de las variables estudiadas (peso seco parte aérea, hoja y SPAD) que la sola aplicación de Fe como fertilizante. Estos resultados implican que la enmienda de suelo con biocarbón no sólo es beneficosa desde el punto de vista de fijación de carbono y mitigación del cambio climático, sino que en condiciones de limitación de nutrientes puede ejercer un papel fundamental para aumentar la fertilidad del suelo.Biochar is a material obtained from thermal decomposition of residual biomass at relatively low temperatures (<700 °C) and under oxygen-limited conditions (pyrolysis). Nowadays, biochar is generating a great interest as tool to mitigate the effects of climate change and exert beneficial effects on agricultural and forest crops, increasing plant yield and limiting the use of fertilizers. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of biochar on the availability of iron in a calcareous soil showing iron chlorosis. Lupine (Lupinus Albus L.) was used as tested crop, performing a factorial design with two biochar types (coming from olive-tree pruning or pine woodchip) and 2 sources of iron (ferrous sulfate and iron chelate). Our results indicated that the olive-tree pruning biochar led to an increase in the yield of lupine under Fe-deficient conditions. In addition, biochar in combination with iron sources presented better results in some of the studied variables (aerial part dry weight, leaf dry weight and SPAD) compared to the single application of the Fe fertilizer. These results imply that soil amending with biochar can led to beneficial effects in terms of carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation, as also it can play an important role on soil fertility under nutrient-deficient conditions

Effect of Septoria leaf blotch and its control with commercial fungicides, on arbuscular-mycorrhizal-fungal colonization, spore numbers, and morphotype diversity

Arbuscular-mycorrhizal internal structures (i.e. total root colonization, arbuscules, vesicles) and external structures (i.e. spore density), and Glomeromycota spore morphotypes, were evaluated in wheat severely infected with Mycosphaerella graminicola – the causal agent of Septoria leaf blotch. Plots in which the infection was controlled with a commercial fungicide at recommended field doses, were also examined. The commercial fungicide used was an admixture of trifloxistrobin and tebuconazole. No negative effects of the fungicide application on arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were found. The M. graminicola fungicidal treatment actually favoured the formation of arbuscules and AMF spores, as there was a selective increase in the density of spores belonging to the glomoid morphotype. Arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi have an absolute dependence on the carbon provided by the plant. A severe foliar disease leading to a diminished carbon supply to the roots would generate decreases in carbon availability. Such decreases would strongly affect mycorrhizal associations and development. Furthermore, the change in the green-leaf area produced by a severe foliar disease and/or a reversal of that condition through fungicide treatment could result in shifts in the composition of the AMF community so as to favour glomoid morphotypes. Glomoid species have been previously considered as r-strategists.Fil: Schalamuk, Santiago. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Química Inorgánica "Dr. Pedro J. Aymonino". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Química Inorgánica "Dr. Pedro J. Aymonino"; ArgentinaFil: Velázquez, María Silvana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Química Inorgánica "Dr. Pedro J. Aymonino". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Química Inorgánica "Dr. Pedro J. Aymonino"; ArgentinaFil: Simon, Maria Rosa. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales; Argentina. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas; ArgentinaFil: Cabello, Marta Noemí. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Botánica Spegazzini; Argentin

Arbuscular Mycorrhizas Alleviate Plant Stress : Analysis of Studies from South America

Fil: Pagano, Marcela Claudia. Department of Physics. Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte; Minas Gerais; BrazilFil: Cabello, Marta Noemí. División Instituto Spegazzini. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentin

Mycorrhizal Interactions for Reforestation: Constraints to Dryland Agroforest in Brazil

Reforestation provides restoration of forest ecosystem services including improved soil fertility, which leads to increased productivity and/or sustainability of the system. Trees also increase the average carbon stocks providing wood supply for local communities; however, C sequestration strategies highlight tree plantations without considering their full environmental consequences, such as losses in stream flow. The productivity of a site is a consequence of their physical, chemical, and biological properties, resulting in natural fertile soils or adequate managed soils for improved quality. Thus, it is required to know the variations in the properties of land-use systems for adoptability of agroforestry innovations. The choice of agroforestry tree species (highly mycorrhizal dependent plants should be selected) would have great implications for the manipulation of arbuscular mycorrhizas’s species. In dry forest, the inevitable consequence of cutting has been the loss of vegetation cover and insufficient scientific information on the capacity to optimize forest recuperation affects agroforestry adoption. To study the biological properties of soils is now of interest; therefore, this paper reviews the literature that has hitherto been published on mycorrhizal interactions for reforestation and points out the use ofmycorrhizal technology as one of the alternatives to improve forest products and environmental quality

Micorrizas en soja y su relación con la densidad de esporas e infectividad en suelos de diferentes ambientes agrícolas

Fil: Faggioli, Valeria Soledad. Biología de Suelos. INTA EEA Marcos Juárez; ArgentinaFil: Cabello, Marta Noemí. División Instituto Spegazzini. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentin

Mycorrhizal Interactions for Reforestation: Constraints to Dryland Agroforest in Brazil

Reforestation provides restoration of forest ecosystem services including improved soil fertility, which leads to increased productivity and/or sustainability of the system. Trees also increase the average carbon stocks providing wood supply for local communities; however, C sequestration strategies highlight tree plantations without considering their full environmental consequences, such as losses in stream flow. The productivity of a site is a consequence of their physical, chemical, and biological properties, resulting in natural fertile soils or adequate managed soils for improved quality. Thus, it is required to know the variations in the properties of land-use systems for adoptability of agroforestry innovations. The choice of agroforestry tree species (highly mycorrhizal dependent plants should be selected) would have great implications for the manipulation of arbuscular mycorrhizas’s species. In dry forest, the inevitable consequence of cutting has been the loss of vegetation cover and insufficient scientific information on the capacity to optimize forest recuperation affects agroforestry adoption. To study the biological properties of soils is now of interest; therefore, this paper reviews the literature that has hitherto been published on mycorrhizal interactions for reforestation and points out the use ofmycorrhizal technology as one of the alternatives to improve forest products and environmental quality.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Mycorrhizal Interactions for Reforestation: Constraints to Dryland Agroforest in Brazil

Reforestation provides restoration of forest ecosystem services including improved soil fertility, which leads to increased productivity and/or sustainability of the system. Trees also increase the average carbon stocks providing wood supply for local communities; however, C sequestration strategies highlight tree plantations without considering their full environmental consequences, such as losses in stream flow. The productivity of a site is a consequence of their physical, chemical, and biological properties, resulting in natural fertile soils or adequate managed soils for improved quality. Thus, it is required to know the variations in the properties of land-use systems for adoptability of agroforestry innovations. The choice of agroforestry tree species (highly mycorrhizal dependent plants should be selected) would have great implications for the manipulation of arbuscular mycorrhizas’s species. In dry forest, the inevitable consequence of cutting has been the loss of vegetation cover and insufficient scientific information on the capacity to optimize forest recuperation affects agroforestry adoption. To study the biological properties of soils is now of interest; therefore, this paper reviews the literature that has hitherto been published on mycorrhizal interactions for reforestation and points out the use ofmycorrhizal technology as one of the alternatives to improve forest products and environmental quality.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

The Mycology as Forensics Tool

In a murder case is very common to find a corpse in a grave followed by the human decomposition. In a criminal act, the facts in a legal investigation are not clear enough to help clarify unnatural causes of death by suicide or homicide. Estimating the post-mortem interval (PMI), and mainly in cases where there are no witnesses, is crucial to the investigation process. However, the today study of certain species of fungi found and collected from soil in contact with a rotting human body, contribute to obtain important data useful to estimate the PMI of the victim in crime scene investigation. Dichotomomyces cejpii, Talaromyces trachyspermus, Talaromyces flavus, and Talaromyces udagawae, teleomorphic Ascomycota fungal are the mycobiota currently found and clearly differs to associated mycobiota in control sample and from previously described species Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Furthermore, additional tests are needed to finally rely on the mycology as a forensic tool.Fil: Tranchida, Maria Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Botánica Spegazzini; ArgentinaFil: Cabello, Marta Noemí. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Botánica Spegazzini; Argentin

Diversity in soil fungi from undisturbed and disturbed Celtis tala and Scutia buxifolia forests in the eastern Buenos aires province (Argentina)

The rhizospheric soil microfungi from a native forest (undisturbed and disturbed) were studied using soil dilution plate and soil washing methods. Fungi were isolated using slightly acid and alkaline culture media. 54 taxa were isolated: 49 from undisturbed forest soil and 37 from disturbed forest soil. Acremonium sp., Aspergillus ustus, Coemansia pectinata, Doratomyces stemonitis, Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Gliocladium roseum, Humicola fusco-atra, Mortierella sp., Penicillium lilacinum, Trichoderma harzianum, and T. koningii, showed the highest frequency, in both, undisturbed and disturbed forests. In undisturbed soil forest the biodiversity index was 3.97 whereas in disturbed ones was 3.89.Instituto de Botánica "Dr. Carlos Spegazzini