Characterization of electrical crosstalk in 4T-APS arrays using TCAD simulations

TCAD simulations have been conducted on a CMOS image sensor in order to characterize the electrical component of the crosstalk between pixels through the study of the electric field distribution. The image sensor consists on a linear array of five pinned photodiodes (PPD) with their transmission gates, floating diffusion and reset transistors. The effect of the variations of the thickness of the epitaxial layer has been addressed as well. In fact, the depth of the boundary of the epitaxial layer affects quantum efficiency (QE) so a correlation with crosstalk has been identified.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad TEC2015-66878-C3-1RJunta de Andalucía TIC 2012-2338Office of Naval Research (USA) N00014141035

An Experimentally-Validated Verilog-A SPAD Model Extracted from TCAD Simulation

Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) are photodetectors with exceptional characteristics. This paper proposes a new approach to model them in Verilog-A HDL with the help of a powerful tool: TCAD simulation. Besides, to the best of our knowledge, this is first model to incorporate a trap-assisted tunneling mechanism, a cross-section temperature dependence of the traps, and the self-heating effect. Comparison with experimental data establishes the validity of the model.Junta de Andalucía TIC 2012-2338Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad TEC2015-66878-C3-1-ROffice of Naval Research (USA) N00014141035

Función de policía administrativa del estado colombiano frente a la vigilancia y control de medicamentos biotecnológicos

La presente investigación busca establecer la función de policía administrativa que debe cumplir el Estado colombiano frente a la vigilancia y control de medicamentos biotecnológicos, entendiendo la expresión función de policía administrativacomo una institución que propende por prevenir, mantener y garantizar la salubridad pública, dictando las normas que sean necesarias para regular la importación, fabricación y comercialización de medicamentos biotecnológicos, también como gestión administrativa que autoriza o prohíbe a los fabricantes e importadores la comercialización de estos productos, y desde la noción de encarnar en sí misma la posibilidad de ejercer materialmente del uso de la fuerza y la ejecución del poder de policía en caso de ser necesario, imponiendo medidas de seguridad o sanciones a quienes infrinjan las normas sanitarias. También se hace un análisis de las diferentes normas, entidades e instituciones que regulan la vigilancia y control de medicamentos en Colombia, para finalmente estudiar el actual proyecto de decreto que se encuentra en discusión y que buscará reglamentar los medicamentos biotecnológicos de acuerdo con los estándares internacionales ordenados por la Ley 1438 de 2011

Early forest fire detection by vision-enabled wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks constitute a powerful technology particularly suitable for environmental monitoring. With regard to wildfires, they enable low-cost fine-grained surveillance of hazardous locations like wildland-urban interfaces. This paper presents work developed during the last 4 years targeting a vision-enabled wireless sensor network node for the reliable, early on-site detection of forest fires. The tasks carried out ranged from devising a robust vision algorithm for smoke detection to the design and physical implementation of a power-efficient smart imager tailored to the characteristics of such an algorithm. By integrating this smart imager with a commercial wireless platform, we endowed the resulting system with vision capabilities and radio communication. Numerous tests were arranged in different natural scenarios in order to progressively tune all the parameters involved in the autonomous operation of this prototype node. The last test carried out, involving the prescribed burning of a 95 x 20-m shrub plot, confirmed the high degree of reliability of our approach in terms of both successful early detection and a very low false-alarm rate. Journal compilationMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovación TEC2009-11812, IPT-2011-1625-430000Office of Naval Research (USA) N000141110312Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico e Industrial IPC-2011100

Sampling Based On Natural Image Statistics Improves Local Surrogate Explainers

Many problems in computer vision have recently been tackled using models whose predictions cannot be easily interpreted, most commonly deep neural networks. Surrogate explainers are a popular post-hoc interpretability method to further understand how a model arrives at a particular prediction. By training a simple, more interpretable model to locally approximate the decision boundary of a non-interpretable system, we can estimate the relative importance of the input features on the prediction. Focusing on images, surrogate explainers, e.g., LIME, generate a local neighbourhood around a query image by sampling in an interpretable domain. However, these interpretable domains have traditionally been derived exclusively from the intrinsic features of the query image, not taking into consideration the manifold of the data the non-interpretable model has been exposed to in training (or more generally, the manifold of real images). This leads to suboptimal surrogates trained on potentially low probability images. We address this limitation by aligning the local neighbourhood on which the surrogate is trained with the original training data distribution, even when this distribution is not accessible. We propose two approaches to do so, namely (1) altering the method for sampling the local neighbourhood and (2) using perceptual metrics to convey some of the properties of the distribution of natural images.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figure

Informe de la gestión y estrategias de la empresa Erie en el simulador de negocios Capsim

Documento en donde se presentan los resultados de la gestión y las estrategias propuestas en el simulador de negocios Capsim, el cual tiene como objeto involucrar a personas o equipos en entornos empresariales competitivos reales en la industria de sensores. El trabajo consistió en planear estrategias para cada uno de los departamentos: finanzas, diseño, desarrollo, producción y marketing

Role of climate variability on deep-water dynamics and deoxygenation during sapropel deposition: New insights from a palaeoceanographic empirical approach

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111601Modern marine settings are experiencing rapid deoxygenation mainly forced by global warming and anthropogenic eutrophication. Therefore, studies that assess the role of climate variability in large spatiotemporal deoxygenations during past climate changes are needed to better comprehend the consequences of the current global warming and ocean deoxygenation. In this respect, deep marine sediments associated to past oxic-toanoxic transitions are useful palaeoarchives for understanding the interplay between climate variability, deepwater dynamics and large-scale deoxygenation. Moreover, they can offer long-term perspectives to modern marine settings that are suffering oxygen depletion due to climate change and anthropogenic pressure. In particular, sapropel layers from the Middle Pleistocene to the Holocene are excellent palaeoarchives of past large-scale deoxygenation events, since (i) they occurred during a similar Mediterranean hydrogeographic configuration to the present, (ii) have a robust chronological control, and (iii) previous studies have reconstructed the climate conditions that ruled during their deposition. In this work, we have applied empirical palaeoceanographic conceptual models to five sapropels (S1, S5, S6, S7 and S8) in three Eastern Mediterranean (EM) settings. The models suggest that the hydrographic regimes of all studied sapropels can be considered as analogues to those observed in certain modern marine restricted settings. The results obtained support the idea that climate and the degree of surface-water freshening are the primary factors that influence deep-water dynamics in marine restricted settings, that in turn control the frequency and intensity of bottom-water deoxygenation and the stability and depth of the chemocline. The deepest EM sites are the most vulnerable locations to develop bottom-water restriction and deoxygenation. Local hydrogeographic factors play an essential role in the extent and frequency of bottom-water deoxygenation. Particulate shuttling was very intense during sapropel deposition and water-mass exchange between EM and Western Mediterranean controlled the intensity of the basin reservoir effect and Mo budget in EM.Grants PID2019-104624RB-I00, PID2019-104625RB-100TED2021-131697B-C22 funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/5011000110 33,Grants FEDER/Junta de Andalucía P18-RT-3804P18-RT- 4074Groups RNM-179RNM-178 funded by Junta de AndalucaLausanne University (Switzerland) for Rock-eval analyses and TOC measurementsCenter for Scientific Instrumentation (CIC, University of Granada)XRF Unit of the IACT (CSIC-UGR) for the ICP and XRF analyse

Pre-operative evaluation of the volume of bone graft in sinus lifts by means of CompuDent

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the usefulness of the CompuDent program in determining the pre-operative volume of bone graft in maxillary sinus floor lifts, and to calculate the volume of graft necessary for rehabilitation using varying lengths of implants. Study design: Based on the CompuDent program, we calculated the volume of graft necessary for 47 sinus lifts. This volume was measured in order to raise the floor of each sinus to 13.4 and 15 mm in height. Results: The average volume of graft in order to achieve a lift of 13?4 mm was 2.42 cm³ for the right maxillary sinus, with a range from 1.4 cm³ to 4.1 cm³, and 2.50 cm³ for the left maxillary sinus, with a range from 1.04 cm³ to 3.79 cm³. The average volume of graft in order to achieve a lift of 15 mm was 3.01 cm³ for the right maxillary sinus, with a range from 1.78 cm³ to 4.59 cm³, and 3.09 cm³ for the left maxillary sinus, with a range from 1.42 cm³ to 4.49 cm³. The statistical results provided by the Pearson Correlation show a significant inversely proportional correlation between the average of the heights and the volume of graft in the sinus. In addition, there is a clear correlation between the average volumes to be grafted for the respective heights 13.4 mm and 15 mm. Conclusions: The CompuDent program is an effective tool in determining the volume of bone graft given its simplicity, rapidness and possibility of standardization in all pre-surgical procedures