Una estrategia para obtener regionalizaciones bióticas fiables a partir de datos incompletos: el caso de los escarabeidos (Coleoptera, Scarabaeinae) ibérico-baleares

A method to obtain regionalizations based in the organisms from incomplete distributional data is presented, using Iberian scarabaeine (Col., Scarabaeinae) as an example. A first ordination analysis was carried out using the well-sampled territorial units, where four faunistic axes were identified. Then, the scores of these axes were extrapolated to the whole Iberian territory by means of General Linear Modelling. A faunistic distance matrix was developed using the predicted values for the four axes. Using this matrix and the geographic distances among territorial units, a new matrix, reflecting both the compositional and geographic distances was obtained. This matrix was used to carry out the final classification of all the territory, where eight different faunistic regions were obtained. Finally, the results are briefly discussed, and their composition and local and regional richness are described.Se presenta un método para obtener regionalizaciones basadas en los organismos a partir de datos corológicos incompletos, utilizando como ejemplo los escarabeidos ibéricos (Col., Scarabaeinae). A partir de las unidades territoriales bien muestreadas, realizamos en primer lugar un análisis de ordenación, en el que se identificaron cuatro ejes faunísticos. Posteriormente, los valores de estos ejes se extrapolaron a todo el territorio ibérico mediante Modelos Lineales Generalizados. Con los valores predichos para estos ejes se desarrolló una matriz de distancias faunísticas. A partir de ella, y de las distancias geográficas entre unidades territoriales, se obtuvo una nueva matriz de distancias faunístico-geográficas. Esta matriz fue utilizada para realizar la clasificación final de todo el territorio, obteniéndose ocho regiones faunísticas diferentes. Finalmente, se comentan los resultados obtenidos, identificando las diferencias en su composición y riqueza regional y local

El género Elaphocera Gené, 1836 (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae, Pachydeminae): revisión de las series tipo de las colecciones del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (Madrid, España)

Melolontha emarginata Gyllenhal, 1817 is designated as the type species of Elaphocerida Reitter, 1902. The type specimens of the species of genus Elaphocera Gené, 1836, from the entomological collections of Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (Madrid, Spain), are studied. Lectotypes are designated for species Elaphocera (Elaphocerida) ampla Báguena, 1955, Elaphocerida segurensis Escalera, 1923, Elaphocerida pygmaea Escalera, 1923 and Elaphocera (Elaphocerida) torressalai Báguena, 1955. The type material of the following species is also revised: Elaphocera pardoi Escalera, 1931, Elaphocera (Elaphocerida) ibicensis Escalera, 1926, Elaphocerida abdelkrimi Escalera, 1934 and Elaphocera baguenae Mancini, 1926.En este trabajo se designa Melolontha emarginata Gyllenhal, 1817 como la especie tipo de Elaphocerida Reitter, 1902. Se revisan las series típicas de las especies del género Elaphocera Gené, 1836 conservadas en las colecciones de Entomología del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (Madrid, España). Se designan los lectotipos de Elaphocera (Elaphocerida) ampla Báguena, 1955, Elaphocerida segurensis Escalera, 1923, Elaphocerida pygmaea Escalera, 1923 y Elaphocera (Elaphocerida) torressalai Báguena, 1955. Además, se proporcionan nuevos datos sobre el material típico de las especies Elaphocera pardoi Escalera, 1931, Elaphocera (Elaphocerida) ibicensis Escalera, 1926, Elaphocerida abdelkrimi Escalera, 1934 y Elaphocera baguenae Mancini, 1926, conservado en estas colecciones

Equity, barriers and cancer disparities: study of the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology on the access to oncologic drugs in the Spanish Regions

[Purpose] The Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM) has conducted a study on the access to oncologic drugs across the 17 Spanish Regions with the aim of identifying potential heterogeneities and making proposals for eliminating the barriers identified at the different levels.[Methods] An Expert Panel made up of medical oncologists designed a survey on certain indications approved for 11 drugs in the approach of breast cancer, melanoma, lung cancer, prostate cancer and support treatment. This survey was sent to 144 National Health System (NHS) hospitals. [Results] 77 hospitals answered the survey. The information modules analysed were: scope of the Commission that establishes binding decisions related to drug access; conditions, stages and periods of drug application, approval and administration processes; barriers to accessing drugs. [Conclusions] The study shows variability in drug access. The SEOM makes proposals addressed to reducing the differences identified and homogenizing drug access conditions.This study was funded by SEOM

Equity, barriers and cancer disparities: study of the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology on the access to oncologic drugs in the Spanish Regions

The Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM) has conducted a study on the access to oncologic drugs across the 17 Spanish Regions with the aim of identifying potential heterogeneities and making proposals for eliminating the barriers identified at the different levels. An Expert Panel made up of medical oncologists designed a survey on certain indications approved for 11 drugs in the approach of breast cancer, melanoma, lung cancer, prostate cancer and support treatment. This survey was sent to 144 National Health System (NHS) hospitals. 77 hospitals answered the survey. The information modules analysed were: scope of the Commission that establishes binding decisions related to drug access; conditions, stages and periods of drug application, approval and administration processes; barriers to accessing drugs. The study shows variability in drug access. The SEOM makes proposals addressed to reducing the differences identified and homogenizing drug access conditions

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file