Studies in the production and effects of volatile fungal metabolites

Previous surveys in this Department have been extended by examining 35 species of Fomes and 12 species of Clitocyte. Seventeen Fomes species showed biological activity against at least one of the assay organisms (lettuce, Aspergillus niger and 8 bacteria). There was no particular pattern of activity in this group. Fifteen species showed conspicuous peaks on G.L.O. traces. Of these, only two groups of species, one of 5 and one of 4, produced similar G.L.O. patterns. The conspicuous peaks produced by one of these groups, (F. pomaceus et al.) was subsequently shown to be due to the presence of methyl chloride. No other patterns, were produced by more than one species. There was no consistent correlation between biological activity and the production of conspicuous peaks on G.L.C. traces and ho consistent correlation of pattern production with any existing taxonomic arrangement, Hexatriyne, previously reported from F. annosus was not produced by any species examined hers. The inhibition of lettuce seedling growth by the culture gases of F. scutellatus has been show to be attributable to the production of gaseous hydrogen cyanide. A new adaption of Feigl & Anger's technique was developed for quantitative measurement of HCN in this study. The factor responsible for characteristic inhibition of lettuce root growth by F. noxius has not been identified. None of the compounds, acetaldehyde, ethanol, isobutanol or a mixture of pentanols which gave conspicuous peaks on G.L.C. traces produced comparable inhibition either individually or in mixtures. There are indications that a sulphur-containing compound are awaiting analysis. Nine of the Clitocybe species showed biological activity against at least one of the assay species. A pattern of activity was observed which correlated with the production of hydrogen cyanide. All 4 species, C. geotropa, C. infundibuliformis, C. Candida and C. cyanthiformis, producing HCN inhibited lettuce seedling growth, the first two of these also consistently inhibited growth and stimulated sporulation of A. niger; C. Geotropa inhibited the growth of bacteria. The concentrations of HCN produced by these species were shown to be sufficient to account for the inhibitory effects produced on lettuce; other effects of these species have not been examined further. Nine Clitocybe species produced conspicuous peaks on G.L.C. traces. Of these, only two produced similar patterns. No other pattern was produced by more than one species, although there are indications that several species may be producing similar compounds. Earlier work was extended by examining the factor reported to stimulate production of zygospores in Rhizopus sexualis at low temperatures. This factor could not be identified. Zygospore production was found to be variable over the critical temperature range and differences of one Centigrade degree had a large effect on the numbers of zygospores produced. Because of this, it was suspected that physical factors could contribute to the stimulation effect under certain circumstances. The effect of F. scutellatus and F. noxius gases acting through soil was studied briefly with a view to examining the possible effects of volatile metabolites in nature. The inhibition produced by these species through soil layers of three types was similar to that demonstrated on agar medium

Vertical movement symmetry of the withers in horses with induced forelimb and hindlimb lameness at trot

Background The main criteria for lameness assessment in horses are head movement for forelimb lameness and pelvic movement for hindlimb lameness. However, compensatory head nod in horses with primary hindlimb lameness is a well‐known phenomenon. This compensatory head nod movement can be easily misinterpreted as a sign of primary ipsilateral forelimb lameness. Therefore, discriminating compensatory asymmetries from primary directly pain‐related movement asymmetries is a prerequisite for successful lameness assessment. Objectives To investigate the association between head, withers and pelvis movement asymmetry in horses with induced forelimb and hindlimb lameness. Study design Experimental study. Methods In 10 clinically sound Warmblood riding horses forelimb and hindlimb lameness were induced using a sole pressure model. The horses were then trotted on a treadmill. 3D optical motion capture was used to collect kinematic data from reflective markers attached to the poll, withers and tubera sacrale. The magnitude and side (left or right) of the following symmetry parameters, vertical difference in minimum position, maximum position and range‐up, were calculated for head, withers and pelvis. Mixed models were used to analyse data from induced forelimb and hindlimb lameness. Results For each mm increase in pelvic asymmetry in response to hindlimb lameness induction, withers movement asymmetry increased by 0.35‐0.55 mm; but towards the contralateral side. In induced forelimb lameness, for each mm increase in head movement asymmetry, withers movement asymmetry increased by 0.05‐0.10 mm, in agreement with the head movement asymmetry direction, both indicating lameness in the induced forelimb. Main limitations Results must be confirmed in clinically lame horses trotting overground. Conclusions The vertical asymmetry pattern of the withers discriminated a head nod associated with true forelimb lameness from the compensatory head movement asymmetry caused by primary hindlimb lameness. Measuring movement symmetry of the withers may thus aid in determining primary lameness location

Prediksi Pendapatan Sewa dengan Data Mining pada Perusahaan XYZ

XYZ Company has a program to predict leasing income that only predict in constant condition where every tenant assumed for leasing renewal. This research is done to build accurate income prediction system that accommodate in making strategic decision towards the company. Premier data collecting is through direct interview with the company management. The analysis is through data training from the previous years to build neural network model. The analysis result shows that this model has produced error total value that is smaller than the previous error total value in years before. Therefore, it could be concluded that data mining with neural network technique that produced more accurate leasing income that could help the company making decision based on the hidden information in the database

Influence of Acidic pH on Hydrogen and Acetate Production by an Electrosynthetic Microbiome

Production of hydrogen and organic compounds by an electrosynthetic microbiome using electrodes and carbon dioxide as sole electron donor and carbon source, respectively, was examined after exposure to acidic pH (∼5). Hydrogen production by biocathodes poised at −600 mV vs. SHE increased>100-fold and acetate production ceased at acidic pH, but ∼5–15 mM (catholyte volume)/day acetate and>1,000 mM/day hydrogen were attained at pH ∼6.5 following repeated exposure to acidic pH. Cyclic voltammetry revealed a 250 mV decrease in hydrogen overpotential and a maximum current density of 12.2 mA/cm2 at −765 mV (0.065 mA/cm2 sterile control at −800 mV) by the Acetobacterium-dominated community. Supplying −800 mV to the microbiome after repeated exposure to acidic pH resulted in up to 2.6 kg/m3/day hydrogen (≈2.6 gallons gasoline equivalent), 0.7 kg/m3/day formate, and 3.1 kg/m3/day acetate ( = 4.7 kg CO2 captured).</p

Training of pharmacists in Zambia: developments, curriculum structure and future perspectives

In Zambia, local training of pharmacists commenced in 2001. Development of pharmaceutical education in Zambia has been largely influenced by the national need for pharmacists in the healthcare sector. Training institutions offer the Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm.) degree programme which follows a four-year curriculum structure. The B.Pharm. programme aims to produce pharmacists with requisite competences to practise pharmaceutical care and sustain the development of pharmacy in Zambia. Seventeen years down the line, Zambia continues to advance local pharmaceutical education programmes. Over 700 pharmacists have graduated from the national training programmes in Zambia which continue to address the pharmaceutical workforce needs. Pharmaceutical education in Zambia offers a number of career prospects in hospital, community, pharmaceutical manufacturing, medicine regulation, public health administration, and progression to academia. Positive transitions made to advance pharmacists’ training in Zambia give a positive outlook for the future

Letters between Ellen Clark and W. J. Kerr, as well as letters of recommendation from Geo. M. Marshall, W. M. Stewart, and Maud may Babcock

Letters concerning a position in the elocution and physical education department at Utah Agricultural College

The impact of remote teaching on statistics learning and anxiety

In March 2020, staff and students at UK universities had to suddenly transition from on-campus teaching to remote learning as a result of the pandemic, which continued throughout the 2020/21 academic year. Unlike traditional online learners, students may lack the motivation or confidence to learn as effectively online particularly for modules such as statistics which students often find difficult or stressful face to face.This paper uses survey results from students studying elective and compulsory statistics modules in the 2020/21 academic year to gain an insight into remote learning of statistics from the students’ perspective.When compared to previous face to face teaching of statistics, students were less likely to actively engage with material, ask for help or work with peers remotely. Emotional wellbeing, motivation to learn, statistics anxiety and having a suitable learning environment all impacted on being able to learn statistics remotely. Although statistics anxiety in online teaching situations was generally lower, there was no evidence to suggest anxious students would benefit from online learning going forward

Bostonia. Volume 3

Founded in 1900, Bostonia magazine is Boston University's main alumni publication, which covers alumni and student life, as well as university activities, events, and programs