Perfil epidemiológico e prevalência de cardiopatia em candidatos a doador de sangue infectados por Trypanosoma cruzi, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil

To describe the epidemiologic profile and prevalence of cardiopathy in 163 Trypanosoma cruzi serum positive blood donor candidates, a descriptive study was carried out between August, 1996 and November, 1997 at the Londrina State University Chagas Disease Outpatient Clinic. The profile found was: young, average age 42.95 ± 8.62 years; male (65%); Caucasian (84%); low level of schooling; low family income; agricultural worker (26%); born in the state of Paraná (67%); from rural areas (85%); migrated to the city (85%); and the vector as the main mechanism of transmission. During the clinical characterization a chronic cardiac form was found in 38% of the patients and classified as cardiac suggestive form in 21% and little suggestive of Chagas disease in 17%. No significant difference was found among age group distribution, sex and the presence of cardiac symptoms in patients with or without cardiopathy. This study emphasizes the importance of expanding medical services to areas with a greater prevalence of infected individuals, in a hierarchical manner and aiming at decentralization.Objetivando-se traçar o perfil epidemiológico e a prevalência de cardiopatia, realizou-se estudo descritivo em 163 candidatos a doador de sangue infectados por Trypanosoma cruzi, atendidos no período de agosto de 1996 a novembro de 1997 no ambulatório de doença de Chagas do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Londrina. O perfil epidemiológico foi de paciente jovem, média de idade de 42,95 ± 8,62 anos, sexo masculino (65%), raça branca (84%), baixa escolaridade, baixa renda familiar, agricultor (26%), natural do estado do Paraná (67%), de zona rural (85%), residindo atualmente em zona urbana (85%), sendo o vetorial o principal mecanismo de transmissão. A forma crônica cardíaca, encontrada em 38% foi classificada em forma cardíaca sugestiva de doença de Chagas em 21% e pouco sugestiva em 17% dos pacientes. Não houve diferença significativa na distribuição da faixa etária, sexo e presença de sintomas cardíacos em relação aos pacientes com ou sem cardiopatia. O estudo ressalta a importância da expansão de serviços de atendimento em regiões de maior ocorrência de indivíduos infectados e manutenção de serviços de referência, para oferecer atendimento de forma descentralizada e hierarquizada

PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT AND KNOWLEDGE GAPS CONCERNING CHAGAS DISEASE IN INTERRUPTED VECTOR-BORNE TRANSMISSION AREA

Aiming to verify gaps in the conduct and knowledge of health professionals concerning Chagas disease in Maring and Paiandu, Paran State, Brazil, from September/2004 to July/2005. The participants were chosen by systematic sampling. A total of 487 professionals, consisting of 75 physicians, 75 nurses, 150 nursing assistants and 187 community health agents (CHA), were interviewed using two semi-structured questionnaires, one created for the physicians and another for the nurses, nursing assistants and health agents. A considerable percentage of professionals from all categories demonstrated doubts about treatment, mechanisms of transmission, recognition of the triatomines and the sending of official notification of the presence of insects, tests for diagnosis confirmation, etiologic treatment, and the prognosis of the disease. Doubts arose more frequently among the CHA, who are the main link between patients and basic health units. In order to maintain the current state of disease control and provide appropriate treatment for those already infected by Trypanosoma cruzi, it is necessary to invest in epidemiological surveillance, education and to have duly capable and qualified health professionals

2 nd Brazilian Consensus on Chagas Disease, 2015

Abstract Chagas disease is a neglected chronic condition with a high burden of morbidity and mortality. It has considerable psychological, social, and economic impacts. The disease represents a significant public health issue in Brazil, with different regional patterns. This document presents the evidence that resulted in the Brazilian Consensus on Chagas Disease. The objective was to review and standardize strategies for diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of Chagas disease in the country, based on the available scientific evidence. The consensus is based on the articulation and strategic contribution of renowned Brazilian experts with knowledge and experience on various aspects of the disease. It is the result of a close collaboration between the Brazilian Society of Tropical Medicine and the Ministry of Health. It is hoped that this document will strengthen the development of integrated actions against Chagas disease in the country, focusing on epidemiology, management, comprehensive care (including families and communities), communication, information, education, and research

Evaluation of asymptomatic patients with initial cardiac forms of Chagas' disease through the analysis of dynamic electrocardiography, echocardiography and Type-B natriuretic peptides

Para avaliar as características clínicas e evolutivas em pacientes com formas cardíacas iniciais assintomáticas da doença de Chagas, realizou-se estudo prospectivo em 108 pacientes com idade entre 18 e 50 anos, atendidos entre abril e novembro de 2002 no ambulatório de doença de Chagas da Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Os pacientes foram submetidos a 1)avaliação clínica, 2)eletrocardiograma (ECG), 3)radiografia de tórax e cálculo do índice cardio-torácico (ICT), 4)eletrocardiografia dinâmica de 24 horas, 5)ecocardiografia bidimensional com Doppler tecidual e 6)dosagem plasmática do peptídeo natriurético tipo B (BNP). Os pacientes foram divididos em 3 grupos: 50 no GI - ECG e ICT normais, 31 no GIIA - ECG com alterações características de doença de Chagas e 25 no GIIB - ECG com alterações não características de doença de ChagasTo evaluate clinical and evolutive features in patients with initial asymptomatic cardiac Chagas' disease, a prospective study was carried out with 108 patients, age 18 and 50, at the Londrina State University Chagas' disease outpatient clinic, from April to November 2002. Patients were submitted to: 1) clinical evaluation, 2) electrocardiography (EKG), 3) chest radiography and cardiothoracic index (CTI), 4)24-hour dynamic electrocardiography, 5) bi-dimensional echocardiography with tissued Doppler imaging and 6) type-B natriuretic peptide (BNP) plasmatic dosage. Patients were divided into 3 groups: GI - normal EKG and CTI (50 patients), GIIA - EKG with typical Chagas' disease alterations (31 patients) and GIIB - EKG with alterations not characteristic of Chagas´ disease (25 patients

Avaliação de pacientes assintomáticos com forma crônica da doença de Chagas através da análise do eletrocardiograma dinâmico, ecocardiograma e do peptídeo natriurético tipo B Evaluation of asymptomatic patients with chronic Chagas’ disease through ambulatory electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and B-Type natriuretic peptide analyses

OBJETIVO: Avaliar pacientes assintomáticos com forma crônica da doença de Chagas em relação a prevalência de arritmias ventriculares, disfunção ventricular esquerda e níveis plasmáticos do peptídeo natriurético tipo B (BNP). MÉTODOS: Avaliação clínica, eletrocardiograma (ECG), índice cardiotorácico (ICT), eletrocardiograma dinâmico, ecocardiograma e dosagem BNP foram realizados em 106 pacientes do Ambulatório de Doença de Chagas, distribuídos em três grupos: GI (50-ECG normal), GIIA (31-ECG com alterações características de doença de Chagas) e GIIB (25-ECG com outras alterações). RESULTADOS: Alterações eletrocardiográficas mais prevalentes no GIIA: bloqueio completo do ramo direito, bloqueio divisional ântero-superior esquerdo (35% cada) e áreas inativas (32%), GIIB: alteração da repolarização inferolateral (28%) e sobrecarga ventricular esquerda (24%). Os valores médios do ICT foram semelhantes (p = 0,383). A prevalência de arritmia ventricular foi maior nos grupos GIIA (77%) e GIIB (75%) do que no GI (46%) (p = 0,002). A disfunção ventricular foi mais prevalente no GIIA (52%) e GIIB (32%) do que no GI (14%) (p = 0,001). A disfunção sistólica foi mais prevalente no GIIA (29%) do que no GIIB (20%) e GI (2%) (p < 0,001). A disfunção diastólica foi mais prevalente no GIIA (42%) e no GIIB (28%) do que no GI (12%) (p = 0,005). Os valores médios do peptídeo natriurético tipo B foram, respectivamente, 30 ± 88 pg/ml no GI, 66 ± 194 no GIIA e 24 ± 82 no GIIB (p = 0,121). CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes assintomáticos com forma crônica da doença de Chagas e ECG alterado têm maior prevalência de arritmias e disfunção ventricular esquerda do que pacientes com ECG normal. Os níveis plasmáticos do BNP foram semelhantes entre os grupos.<br>OBJECTIVE: To evaluate asymptomatic patients with chronic Chagas’ disease to determine prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias, left ventricular dysfunction, and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) plasma levels. METHODS: One hundred and six patients from the Chagas’ disease outpatient clinic underwent clinical evaluation, electrocardiogram (ECG), cardiothoracic index (CTI), ambulatory electrocardiogram (Holter monitoring), echocardiogram, and BNP measurement and then were distributed into three groups: GI, with normal ECG (n = 50); GIIA, with ECG changes characteristic of Chagas’ disease (n = 31); and GIIB, with other ECG changes (n = 25). RESULTS: The most common electrocardiographic changes were the following. GIIA: complete right bundle branch block (35%), left anterior hemiblock (35%), and electrically inactive areas (32%); GIIB: inferolateral repolarization change (28%), and left ventricular overload (24%). Mean CTI index values were similar (p = 0.383). Ventricular arrhythmia prevalence was higher in the GIIA (77%) and GIIB (75%) groups than in the GI group (46%) (p = 0.002). Ventricular dysfunction was more prevalent in the GIIA (52%) and GIIB (32%) groups than in the GI group (14%) (p = 0.001). Systolic dysfunction was more prevalent in the GIIA group (29%) than in the GIIB (20%) and GI groups (2%) (p < 0.001). Diastolic dysfunction was more prevalent in the GIIA (42%) and GIIB (28%) groups than in the GI group (12%) (p = 0.005). Mean B-type natriuretic peptide levels were 30 ± 88 pg/mL in the GI group, 66 ± 194 in the GIIA group and 24 ± 82 for the GIIB group (p = 0.121), respectively. CONCLUSION: Arrhythmias and left ventricular dysfunction are more prevalent in asymptomatic patients with chronic Chagas’ disease and abnormal ECG than in patients with normal ECG. Plasma BNP levels were similar among the groups

The epidemiologic profile and prevalence of cardiopathy in Trypanosoma cruzi infected blood donor candidates, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil Perfil epidemiológico e prevalência de cardiopatia em candidatos a doador de sangue infectados por Trypanosoma cruzi, Londrina, Paraná, Brasil

To describe the epidemiologic profile and prevalence of cardiopathy in 163 Trypanosoma cruzi serum positive blood donor candidates, a descriptive study was carried out between August, 1996 and November, 1997 at the Londrina State University Chagas Disease Outpatient Clinic. The profile found was: young, average age 42.95 &plusmn; 8.62 years; male (65%); Caucasian (84%); low level of schooling; low family income; agricultural worker (26%); born in the state of Paraná (67%); from rural areas (85%); migrated to the city (85%); and the vector as the main mechanism of transmission. During the clinical characterization a chronic cardiac form was found in 38% of the patients and classified as cardiac suggestive form in 21% and little suggestive of Chagas disease in 17%. No significant difference was found among age group distribution, sex and the presence of cardiac symptoms in patients with or without cardiopathy. This study emphasizes the importance of expanding medical services to areas with a greater prevalence of infected individuals, in a hierarchical manner and aiming at decentralization.<br>Objetivando-se traçar o perfil epidemiológico e a prevalência de cardiopatia, realizou-se estudo descritivo em 163 candidatos a doador de sangue infectados por Trypanosoma cruzi, atendidos no período de agosto de 1996 a novembro de 1997 no ambulatório de doença de Chagas do Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Londrina. O perfil epidemiológico foi de paciente jovem, média de idade de 42,95 &plusmn; 8,62 anos, sexo masculino (65%), raça branca (84%), baixa escolaridade, baixa renda familiar, agricultor (26%), natural do estado do Paraná (67%), de zona rural (85%), residindo atualmente em zona urbana (85%), sendo o vetorial o principal mecanismo de transmissão. A forma crônica cardíaca, encontrada em 38% foi classificada em forma cardíaca sugestiva de doença de Chagas em 21% e pouco sugestiva em 17% dos pacientes. Não houve diferença significativa na distribuição da faixa etária, sexo e presença de sintomas cardíacos em relação aos pacientes com ou sem cardiopatia. O estudo ressalta a importância da expansão de serviços de atendimento em regiões de maior ocorrência de indivíduos infectados e manutenção de serviços de referência, para oferecer atendimento de forma descentralizada e hierarquizada

Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors and Their HLA Ligands are Related with the Immunopathology of Chagas Disease.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes and their human leucocyte antigen (HLA) ligands in the susceptibility of chronic Chagas disease. This case-control study enrolled 131 serologically-diagnosed Chagas disease patients (59 men and 72 women, mean age of 60.4 ± 9.8 years) treated at the University Hospital of Londrina and the Chagas Disease Laboratory of the State University of Maringa. A control group was formed of 165 healthy individuals - spouses of patients or blood donors from the Regional Blood Bank in Maringa (84 men and 81 women, with a mean age of 59.0 ± 11.4 years). Genotyping of HLA and KIR was performed by PCR-SSOP. KIR2DS2-C1 in the absence of KIR2DL2 (KIR2DS2+/2DL2-/C1+) was more frequent in Chagas patients (P = 0.020; Pc = 0.040; OR = 2.14) and, in particular, those who manifested chronic chagasic cardiopathy-CCC (P = 0.0002; Pc = 0.0004; OR = 6.64; 95% CI = 2.30-18.60) when compared to the control group, and when CCC group was compared to the patients without heart involvement (P = 0.010; Pc = 0.020; OR = 3.97). The combination pair KIR2DS2+/2DL2-/KIR2DL3+/C1+ was also positively associated with chronic chagasic cardiopathy. KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2 were related to immunopathogenesis in Chagas disease. The combination of KIR2DS2 activating receptor with C1 ligand, in the absence of KIR2DL2, may be related to a risk factor in the chronic Chagas disease and chronic chagasic cardiopathy

Distribution of KIR and their respective HLA ligands in Chagas disease patients and controls.

<p>CCD: chronic Chagas disease patients; NC: without heart involvement patients, CCC: chronic chagasic cardiopathy patients.</p><p>^<b>a</b><i>P</i> = 0.036; <i>Pc</i> = 0.108; OR = 0.43; 95% CI = 0.24–0.75 (CCD vs Controls)</p><p>^<b>b</b><i>P</i> = 0.037; <i>Pc</i> = 0.10; OR = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.31–0.94 (CCD vs Controls)</p><p>^<b>c</b><i>P</i> = 0.031; <i>Pc</i> = 0.093; OR = 0.23; 95% CI = 0.04–0.89 (CCC vs NC)</p><p>Bw4 = <i>HLA-A*23</i>,<i>*24</i>,<i>*32; HLA-B</i>,<i>*13</i>,<i>*27</i>,<i>*44</i>,<i>*51</i>,<i>*52</i>,<i>*53</i>,<i>*57</i>,<i>*58</i></p><p>Group C1 = <i>HLA-C*01</i>,<i>*03</i>,<i>*07</i>,<i>*08</i>,<i>*12</i>,<i>*14</i>,<i>*16</i></p><p>Group C2 = <i>HLA-C*02</i>,<i>*04</i>,<i>*05</i>,<i>*06</i>,<i>*07</i>,<i>*15</i>,<i>*17</i>,<i>*18</i></p><p>Distribution of KIR and their respective HLA ligands in Chagas disease patients and controls.</p

Distribution of activating KIR plus inhibitory KIR and their respective ligands in chronic Chagas disease and controls.

<p>CCD: chronic Chagas disease patients; NC: without heart involvement patients, CCC: chronic chagasic cardiopathy patients.</p><p>^<b>a</b><i>P</i> = 0.020; <i>Pc</i> = 0.040; OR = 2.14; 95% CI = 1.25–7.88 (CCD vs Controls)</p><p>^<b>b</b><i>P</i> = 0.0002; <i>Pc</i> = 0.0004; OR = 6.64; 95% CI = 2.30–18.60 (CCC vs Controls)</p><p>^<b>c</b><i>P</i> = 0.010; <i>Pc</i> = 0.020; OR = 3.97; 95% CI = 1.34–11.79 (CCC vs NC)</p><p>^<b>d</b><i>P</i> = 0.050; <i>Pc</i> = 0.100; OR = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.1–6.9 (CCD vs Controls)</p><p>^<b>e</b><i>P</i> = 0.040; <i>Pc</i> = 0.080; OR = 3.64; 95% CI = 1.12–11.91 (CCC vs NC)</p><p>^<b>f</b><i>P</i> = 0.004; <i>Pc</i> = 0.008; OR = 5.02; 95% CI = 1.71–14.73 (CCC vs Controls)</p><p>^<b>g</b><i>P</i> = 0.036; <i>Pc</i> = 0.144; OR = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.31–0.94 (CCD vs Controls)</p><p>Distribution of activating KIR plus inhibitory KIR and their respective ligands in chronic Chagas disease and controls.</p