111 research outputs found

    Феномен мифологической проблемы

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    Рассматривается проблема как явление мифологического сознания. Доказывается, что при всей кажущейся беспроблемности мифологического мышления, ему была свойственна проблемность. Выражение проблемности мифологического мышления проявляется через первичное вопрошание

    Когерентное излучение Вавилова-Черенкова от ультракороткого электронного пучка, проходящего через вакуумный канал в конической мишени

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    Рассмотрены характеристики когерентного излучения Вавилова-Черенкова (КИВЧ), которое генерируется коротким электронным сгустком. Предложена схема для определения продольных размеров сгустка, в которой используется коническая мишень из KRS-5 (TlBr-TlI) с осевым вакуумным каналом, как дисперсионный элемент. Показано, что измерение длины сгустка сводится к анализу угловых распределений КИВЧ в дальнем инфракрасном диапазоне длин волн (0,5…40 мкм) без измерения спектра излучения. Предложенная схема диагностики позволяет определять продольный размер сгустка в пределах 8…20 мкм, что недостижимо при использовании традиционных методов

    Impact of Carbon Dioxide on the Non-Catalytic Thermal Decomposition of Methane

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    Economically and ecologically, the thermal decomposition of methane is a promising process for large scale hydrogen production. In this experimental study, the non-catalytic decomposition of methane in the presence of small amounts of carbon dioxide was analyzed. At large scales, natural gas or biomethane are possible feedstocks for the thermal decomposition and can obtain up to 5% carbon dioxide. Gas recycling can increase the amount of secondary components even further. Experiments were conducted in a packed flow reactor at temperatures from 1250 to 1350 K. The residence time and the amounts of carbon dioxide and hydrogen in the feed were varied. A methane conversion of up to 55.4% and a carbon dioxide conversion of up to 44.1% were observed. At 1300 K the hydrogen yield was 95% for a feed of methane diluted in nitrogen. If carbon dioxide was added to the feed at up to a tenth with regard to the amount of supplied methane, the hydrogen yield was reduced to 85%. Hydrogen in the feed decreases the reaction rate of the methane decomposition and increases the carbon dioxide conversion

    Prozesskettenanalyse der Wasserstofferzeugung mittels Methanpyrolyse und Festoxid-Wasserelektrolyse

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    Wasserstoff kann als Bindeglied zwischen elektrischer Energie aus erneuerbaren Quellen und dem nicht-elektrischen Energiebedarf der verschiedenen Sektoren des Energiesystems einen Beitrag zur Reduzierung der Treibhausgas-Emissionen leisten. Die konventionelle Wasserstoffproduktion basiert vornehmlich auf fossilen Ressourcen wie Erdgas oder Kohle und ist mit hohen Treibhausgas-Emissionen verbunden. Neben der Erweiterung der konventionellen Erzeugungsverfahren durch eine CO2-Abscheidung und Speicherung (CCS) werden neue Erzeugungsverfahren zur Etablierung einer nachhaltigen Wasserstoffwirtschaft benötigt. In dieser Arbeit werden die Wasserstofferzeugung mittels thermischer Zerlegung von Methan (TDM) und Wasserelektrolyse in Hinblick auf die Energie- und Exergieeffizienz verglichen. Die Festoxid-Elektrolyse (SOEL) wird als potentiell effizienteste Elektrolyse-Technologie verwendet. Die Systeme werden durch eine Wasserstoffaufbereitung und Verdichtung zur Einhaltung geltender Normen für den Einsatz als Kraftstoff in Brennstoffzellen und zur Erreichung eines Austrittsdruckes von 700 bar ergänzt. In zwei experimentellen Studien werden die nicht-katalytische TDM-Reaktion und die SOEL im Labormaßstab untersucht. Die TDM-Reaktion wird in Hinblick auf die entstehende Kohlenstofferscheinungsart und der Reaktionskinetik unter Anwesenheit von Wasserstoff und Kohlenstoffdioxid untersucht. Raman-Spektroskopie-Aufnahmen des Produktkohlenstoffs ergeben im Vergleich zu Graphit eine stark ungeordnete Mikrostruktur. Die Auswirkungen, einer von Graphit abweichenden Kohlenstofferscheinungsart, werden durch Berechnung des Reaktionsgleichgewichtes der TDM-Reaktion für in der Literatur beobachtete Kohlenstofferscheinungsarten evaluiert. In einer elektrochemischen Charakterisierung von SOEL-Zellen, wie sie in den großskaligen SOEL-Systemen eingesetzt werden, wird eine kommerzielle elektrolytgestützte Zelle mit modifizierten Zellen verglichen. Die Modifizierung erfolgt durch eine Bearbeitung des Elektrolyten mit einem Femtosekundenlaser. Die Auswirkungen der Bearbeitung auf die elektrochemische Leistung werden mittels Impedanzspektroskopie und anschließender DRT-Analyse evaluiert. Im Vergleich zur Referenzzelle konnte der Zellwiderstand um bis zu 14% reduziert werden. Die Ergebnisse der experimentellen Studien bilden die Basis für die Modellierung und Parametrierung des erstellten Reaktor- und Elektrolyse-Moduls. Auf Basis der validierten Teilmodelle werden für das TDM- und das SOEL-System Prozesssimulationsmodelle erstellt. Neben den erforderlichen Systemkomponenten werden geeignete Wasserstoffaufbereitungsverfahren basierend auf dem Prinzip der Absorption implementiert. Der Vergleich der untersuchten Wasserstofferzeugungsverfahren wird um Literaturdaten für die PEM-Elektrolyse und die konventionelle Wasserstofferzeugung mittels Methan-Dampf-Reformierung ergänzt. Der geringste energetische und exergetische Wirkungsgrad ergibt sich für das TDM-System und der höchste für das SOEL-System. Der ermittele spezifische (elektrische) Energiebedarf des TDM-Systems liegt mit 1,15−1,25 kWh/Nm3 H2 deutlich unterhalb der 4,39 kWh/Nm3 H2 für das SOEL-System. Die bereitgestellten Daten können für techno-ökonomische und ökologische Studien verwendet werden.Hydrogen, as an essential link between electrical energy from renewable sources and the non-electrical energy demand in the various sectors of the energy system, can contribute to reducing the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Conventional hydrogen production is mostly based on fossil fuels, such as natural gas or coal, and causes significant greenhouse gas emissions. In addition to implementing carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies at conventional production sites, new production processes are required if we are to establish a sustainable hydrogen economy. This thesis compares hydrogen production by thermal decomposition of methane (TDM) and hydrogen production by water electrolysis in terms of energy and exergy efficiency. Solid oxide electrolysis (SOEL), as potentially the most efficient water electrolysis technology, is used. The processes are supplemented by a hydrogen purification and compression system in order to fulfill the standards for the use of hydrogen as fuel in fuel cells and deliver a hydrogen pressure of 700 bar. Two experimental studies investigate the non-catalytic TDM reaction and the SOEL in laboratory scale. The non-catalytic TDM reaction is investigated regarding the carbon type produced and the reaction kinetics in the presence of hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Raman spectroscopy measurements of the carbon produced revealed a highly disordered microstructure compared to graphite. The impact of the carbon type produced is evaluated by calculating the equilibrium of the TDM-reaction for a variation of the most relevant carbon types observed in literature. In a comprehensive electrochemical characterization of solid oxide cells, as used in large scale SOEL-systems, a commercially available electrolyte-supported cell is compared with two femtosecond laser treaded cells. The effect of the treatment on the electrochemical performance is analyzed by means of impedance spectroscopy and a subsequent DRT-analysis. Compared to the reference cell, the resistance of the laser-treated cell was reduced by up to 14%. The results from the experimental studies provide the basis for modeling and parameterization of the reactor- and electrolysis-module used in the following simulation. A process simulation model for the TDM- and the SOEL-system is developed, starting with the validated sub models. In addition to the necessary plant components, suitable hydrogen purification processes based on the principle of adsorption are implemented. The comparison of the two hydrogen production processes is extended by literature data for a PEM-electrolysis system and for the conventional hydrogen production by methane-steam-reforming. The lowest energy and exergy efficiency is found for the TDM-system and the highest for the SOEL-system. At 1,15−1,25 kWh/Nm3 H2, the determined specific (electrical) energy input of the TDM-system is well below the result of the SOEL-system (4,39 kWh/Nm3 H2). Data provided for the different systems may be used in subsequent techno-economic and environmental studies

    The polarization properties of a tilted polarizer

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    Polarizers are key components in optical science and technology. Thus, understanding the action of a polarizer beyond oversimplifying approximations is crucial. In this work, we study the interaction of a polarizing interface with an obliquely incident wave experimentally. To this end, a set of Mueller matrices is acquired employing a novel procedure robust against experimental imperfections. We connect our observation to a geometric model, useful to predict the effect of polarizers on complex light fields.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure

    Visualizing Modules and Dependencies of OSGi-based Applications

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    The architecture of software it not tangible; but in different situations it is preferable to have it tangible. For example, while reviewing it against the intended design, introducing the software to others, or starting to develop on a new part. Basic aspects of a software architecture are the modules the software is constructed of and the dependencies between them. To comprehend these aspects is important especially for software using a technology such as OSGi, which key concept is modularization. In this paper, we describe interactive visualization tools that we developed to comprehend OSGi-based applications with their modules and dependencies. We focus on concepts to treat large number of modules and dependencies: navigation, filtering, and selection. We applied our solution for OSGi-based applications with hundreds of modules containing multiple submodules each. With the resulting visualizations, we can explore the modularization of the software architecture

    External noise-induced phenomena in CO oxidation on single crystal surfaces

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    7 pages, 6 figures.-- PACS 81.65.Mq, 82.65.+r, 82.20.-w, 82.30.-bThe influence of external noise on minimalistic models for the catalytic CO oxidation on Ir(111) and Pt(111) is studied by means of the adiabatic elimination technique. Two models, which reproduce the bistable behavior usually observed in CO oxidation on Pt group metal surfaces, are analyzed. The noise is superposed on the fraction of CO in the constant gas flow directed at the surfaces and the resulting stochastic systems are reduced after the adiabatic elimination of oxygen coverage. This reduction allows us to analyze theoretically the interplay between external noise and the kinetic bistability of CO oxidation. We report the phenomena of noise-induced shifts of steady states and noise-induced jumps between stable steady states. We also present evidence for noise-induced transitions from mono- to bistability. The theoretical results are compared with simulations of the original two-variable stochastic reaction systems.We acknowledge the financial support of Project No. FIS2007-60327 from MICINN (Spain) and FEDER (EU)Peer reviewe
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