2,410 research outputs found
Gluon Condensate and Non-Perturbative Quark-Photon Vertex
We evaluate the quark-photon vertex non-perturbatively taking into account
the gluon condensate at finite temperature. This vertex is related to the
previously derived effective quark propagator by a QED like Ward-Takahashi
identity. The importance of the effective vertex for the dilepton production
rate from a quark-gluon plasma is stressed.Comment: 9 pages including two figure
(Olympic) Sports (Sports Coverage)
The variable '(Olympic) sports' identifies (Olympic) sports that are the subject of communication.
Field of application/theoretical foundation:
The variable can be used in all fields of sports communication, but is particularly interesting with regard to communication about the Olympic Games. It is based on the current list of Olympic sports (IOC, 2020a) and the list of sports recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC, 2020b).
References/combination with other methods of data collection:
The list on which the category is based can also be used in surveys. In this way, it is possible, for example, to investigate whether the perception of relevance of (certain) sports in the population correspond or differ from the relevance journalists attribute to (certain) sports by the extent of their reporting.
Example study:
In a study by Vögele and SchÀfer (2020) on the use of content analyses in sports communication, the category was used in a slightly adapted form. They coded sports that were the subject of the respective content analyses. In this way, it was possible to determine which sports are in the focus of sports communication research (and which are not; RH=1.0).
(Olympische) Sportarten
In dieser Kategorie werden die Sportarten verschlĂŒsselt, ĂŒber die der Beitrag berichtet. Sind die Olympischen Spiele allgemein Gegenstand der Berichterstattung, sind die ĂŒbergeordneten AusprĂ€gungen â100â (Sommerspiele) bzw. â200â (Winterspiele) zu codieren. Werden im Beitrag keine Sportarten oder olympischen Sportereignisse thematisiert, wird â0â codiert. Sonstige Sportarten werden mit â9999â verschlĂŒsselt.
000 keine (olympische) Sportart oder olympischen Sportereignisse thematisiert
1000 Olympische Sommerspiele
1010 American Football
1020 Automobilsport
1030 Badminton
1040 Bandy
1050 Baseball/Softball
1060 Basketball
1070 Beach Volleyball
1080 Bergsteigen
1090 Billard
1100 BogenschieĂen
1110 Boules
1120 Bowling
1130 Boxen
1140 Bridge
1150 Cheerleading
1160 Cricket
1170 Fechten
1180 Floorball
1190 Flugsport
1200 FuĂball
1210 Frisbee
1220 Gewichtheben
1230 Golf
1240 Handball
1250 Hockey
1260 Judo
1270 Kanusport
1271 Kanu Slalom
1272 Kanu Sprint
1280 Karate
1290 Kickboxen
1300 Korfball
1310 Lacrosse
1320 Leichtathletik
1330 Moderner FĂŒnfkampf
1340 Motorbootsport
1350 Motorradsport
1360 Muaythai
1370 Netball
1380 Orientierungslauf
1390 Pelota
1400 Polo
1410 Radsport
1411 Bahnradsport
1412 BMX
1413 Mountain Bike
1414 StraĂenradsport
1420 Racquetball
1430 Reitsport
1431 Dressurreiten
1432 Springreiten
1433 Vielseitigkeitsreiten
1440 Ringen
1441 Freistilringen
1442 Griechisch-römisches Ringen
1450 Rudern
1460 Rugby
1470 Rollsport
1471 Rollhockey
1472 Rollkunstlauf
1473 Inlineskaten
1474 Inlinehockey
1480 Sambo
1490 Schach
1500 SchieĂen
1510 Schwimmsport
1511 Freiwasserschwimmen
1512 Schwimmen (Bahn)
1513 Synchronschwimmen
1514 Rettungsschwimmen
1520 Segeln
1530 Skateboarding
1540 Sportklettern
1550 Surfen
1560 Taekwondo
1570 Tanzen
1580 Tauziehen
1590 Tennis
1600 Tischtennis
1610 Trampolinsport
1620 Turmspringen
1630 Turnsport
1631 GerÀteturnen
1632 Rhythmische Sportgymnastik
1640 Triathlon
1650 Squash
1660 Sumoringen
1670 Unterwassersport
1680 Volleyball
1690 Wasserball
1700 Wasserski
1710 Wushu
2000 Olympische Winterspiele
2010 Biathlon
2020 Bobsport
2030 Curling
2040 Eishockey
2050 Eiskunstlauf
2060 Eisschnellauf
2070 Eisstock
2080 Nordische Kombination
2090 Rodeln
2100 Short Track
2110 Skeleton
2120 Ski Alpin
2130 Skibergsteigen
2140 Ski Freestyle
2150 Skilanglauf
2160 Skispringen
2170 Snowboard
9999 Sonstige Sportart
References
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) (2020a). Recognised federations. Abgerufen von https://www.olympic.org/recognised-federations
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) (2020b). Sports. Abgerufen von https://www.olympic.org/sports
Vögele, C. & SchÀfer, M. (2020). Inhaltsanalysen in der Sportkommunikation. In F. Oehmer, S. H. Kessler, K. Sommer, E. Humprecht & L. Castro Herrero (Hrsg.), Handbook of Standardized Content Analysis: Applied Designs to Research Fields of Communication Science
Internal and external attributions for sporting success and failure (Sports Coverage)
The variable "Internal and external attributions for sporting success and failureâ deals with the question which causal explanations media reporting gives for success or failure of athletes or sports teams. It identifies which attributions sports journalists and other stakeholders involved in sports events use to explain the performance of athletes and teams in their reporting.
Field of application/theoretical foundation:
The reasons for sporting failure and success are often identified in the analysis of media coverage about sporting events- for example, in the analysis of live commentary during sports broadcasts or of match and competition reports. The theoretical foundation is attribution theory (e.g. Heider, 1958). Its general aim is to explain and justify actions of individuals (Möller, 1994). With regard to sporting competition, it is about attributions in performance situations and the question which factors can explain the success or failure of a team or athlete (Möller, 1994; Weiner, 1985, 1986). It is assumed that individuals, when explaining their own success or failure, proceed in such a way that their self-esteem does not suffer. Therefore, they tend to explain their own success more by referring to internal factors related to their personal characteristics such as their athletic or mental strength, whereas failures tend to be explained by external factors beyond their control such as luck, bad luck or refereeing (Strauss, Senkse & Tietjens, 2009). This attribution pattern is referred to as "self-serving bias" and has already been identified in the coverage of sporting events and the statements of sports actors integrated in the reporting (e.g. Lau & Russell, 1980; Peterson, 1980). Some studies also analyze whether the explanation of failure and success in media reporting differs depending on whether the focus is on female or male athletes (e.g. Duncan & Messner, 1990; Eastman & Billings, 1999; Möller, 1993a; Klein, 1986; Rulofs, 2003) or whether athletes of one's own nationality or of other nationalities are rated (e.g. Möller, 1993ab; Möller & Strauss, 1997).
References/combination with other methods of data collection:
Combinations with survey methods are not common in previous research. However, it would be useful to interview athletes in order to compare their statements in mass media coverage and their survey responses explaining their performance.
Example study:
The example category is from a study by Rulofs (2003), who conducted a quantitative content analysis of the coverage of the 1999 World Athletics Championships in German national quality newspapers and a special-interest journal to analyze how mass media presents female athletes compared to male athletes. Among other things, the study also analyzed which reasons were given in the reporting to explain success and failure of athletes, whereby a distinction was made between internal and external explanatory factors. The factors listed here are those from the original published codebook of the study (Rulofs, 2003, pp. 248, 250, 268). They were partially summarized by the authors of this database contribution and the numerical codes were slightly changed for reasons of clarity. Since the codebook does not contain more detailed explanations of the individual factors of the category, we added explanations. Rulofs (2003) does not give separate reliability scores for individual categories of the content analysis, but she does point out that overall "in the entire category system, depending on the degree of difficulty of individual categories, an agreement of at least 80% was achieved" (p. 68).
Code
AusprÀgung
10
Sportliche FĂ€higkeiten (internal)
11
Ausdauer
12
Kondition
13
Koordination
14
Kraft
15
Schnelligkeit
16
Technik
17
Verletzung/körperliche SchwÀche
20
Psychische FĂ€higkeiten/Charakter (internal)
21
Charakter/Persönlichkeit
22
Einstellung
23
Erfahrung
24
Intelligenz
25
Kampfgeist
26
Konzentration
27
Motivation
28
Nerven
29
Psyche
30
Risikobereitschaft
31
Selbstbewusstsein
32
SensibilitĂ€t/EinfĂŒhlungsvermögen
33
Siegeswillen
34
Taktik
35
Kooperation
50
Training/Vorbereitung (internal)
60
Externe Faktoren (external)
61
ĂuĂere Bedingungen
62
Partner/in
63
GlĂŒck
64
Material/Kleidung/SportgerÀte
65
Publikum
66
SchwÀche des Gegners/der Gegnerin
67
Trainer/in
68
Verein/Verband
69
Doping
99
Sonstige Faktoren
References
Duncan, M. C., & Messner, M. A. (1990). Gender Stereotyping in televised sports. Los Angeles: The Amateur Athletic Foundation.
Eastman, S. T., & Billings, A. C. (1999). Gender parity in the Olympics. Hyping women athletes, favoring men athletes. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 23(2), 140-170.
Heider, F. (1958). The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: Wiley.
Klein, M. (1986). Frauensport in der Tagespresse. Eine Untersuchung zur sprachlichen und bildlichen PrÀsentation von Frauen in der Sportberichterstattung. Bochum: UniversitÀtsverlag Dr. N. Brockmeyer.
Lau, R. R., & Russell, D. (1980). Attributions in the sports pages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(1), 29-38.
Möller, J. (1993a). Attributionen in Massenmedien: Zum EinfluĂ nationaler Gruppenzugehörigkeit, GruppengröĂe und Geschlecht auf spontane Ursachenzuschreibungen. Bonn: Halos Verlag.
Möller, J. (1993b). Zur Ausdifferenzierung des Paradigmas "Spontane Attributionen": Eine empirische Analyse zeitlich unmittelbarer Ursachenzuschreibungen. Zeitschrift fĂŒr Sozialpsychologie, 24, 129-136.
Möller, J. (1994). Attributionsforschung im Sport - ein Ăberblick (Teil 1). Psychologie und Sport: Zeitschrift fĂŒr Sportpsychologie, (3), 82-93.
Möller, J., & Strauss, B. (1997). Before and after the German reunification: Changes in observers' commentaries on achievements in a natural experiment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27(1), 75-93.
Peterson, C. (1980). Attribution in the sports pages: An archival investigation of the covariation hypothesis. Social Psychology Quarterly, 43 (1), 136-141.
Rulofs, B. (2003). Konstruktion von Geschlechterdifferenzen in der Sportpresse? Eine Analyse der Berichterstattung zur Leichtathletik WM 1999. Butzbach-Griedel: Afra-Verlag.
Strauss, B., Senske, S., & Tietjens, M. (2009). Attributionen in Sportkommentaren. In H. Schramm & M. Marr (Hrsg.), Die Sozialpsychologie des Sports in den Medien (S. 74-92). Köln: Herbert von Halem Verlag.
Weiner, B. (1985). An attributional theory of achievement motivation and emotion. Psychological Review, 92(4), 548â573.
Weiner, B. (1986). An attributional theory of motivation and emotion. New York: Springer
Assessed refereeing decision (Sports Coverage)
The variable "Assessed refereeing decision" refers to the question which decisions of referees are rated in media reports on football matches. It is coded which decisions made by referees (f. ex. penalty kicks, sending-offs or offside decisions) are assessed and how they are rated.
Field of application/theoretical foundation:
Ratings of refereeing decisions are omnipresent in the media coverage of football matches. They can be expressed either in live commentaries on football matches or in post-match reports and match analyses. When reporting on football matches, journalists are faced with the question which events during a match are worth reporting. Therefore, they face the challenge of having to make numerous selection decisions. In addition to the performance of players and teams on the pitch, the referees and their decisions can also influence the course and outcome of the game (e.g. Weston, Drust, Atkinson & Gregson, 2011). Concerning journalistic selection decisions, on the other hand, various factors can be important, such as the attitudes of the journalists, routines in media organizations or general journalistic rules (e.g. Donsbach, 1987, Weischenberg, 1992). In order to understand why journalists make which selection decisions, it is first important to identify which decisions they make and thus which refereeing decisions are rated and how they are rated.
References/combination with other methods of data collection:
In order to find out which refereeing decisions journalists select and discuss, an input-output analysis can be used to compare the refereeing decisions selected by journalists and all refereeing decisions made in the course of the match. Such a comparison with extra-media data makes it possible to identify which decisions are reported particularly frequently. In addition, the combination of content analytical results and surveys of referees and sports journalists is useful to identify reciprocal effects of media coverage of referees on the referees themselves (see SchÀfer & Eschmann, 2019) and to ask sports journalists about the factors influencing their selection decisions.
Example study:
Vögele and SchÀfer (2019) analyzed the coverage of referees in the German Bundesliga in tv match reports on the ARD Sportschau. For this purpose, they examined the ratings of referees in a total of 591 match reports in the seasons 2011/12 to 2017/18. For each rating of a referee, they recorded the main object of the refereeing evaluation (main referee, video assistant, assistant etc.), the tendency of the rating, the originator of the rating (commentator, actors of the participating associations etc.) as well as the requested or proposed alternative decision, in addition to the assessed refereeing decision. The reliability score of the coding for the assessed refereeing decision was an acceptable Krippendorff's Alpha of .91 (Holsti=.93; two coders*). The category "assessed refereeing decision" was described as follows (The complete codebook for analysis is available at: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/FU8H7)
Bewertete Schiedsrichterentscheidung
In dieser Kategorie wird erfasst, welche Schiedsrichterentscheidung der Bewertung der Schiedsrichter*innen zu Grunde liegt. Die Schiedsrichterentscheidungen sind dabei eingeteilt in Vergehen, persönliche Strafen und Spielfortsetzungen. Im Normalfall sollte immer die jeweilige detaillierte AusprÀgung bei der Codierung erfasst werden. Kritisiert der Kommentator also beispielsweise, dass der Schiedsrichter einen Strafstoà gegeben hat, wird hier Strafstoà als bewertete Schiedsrichterentscheidung codiert. Stellt der Kommentator fest, dass der Schiedsrichter eine gelbe Karte zu Unrecht vergeben hat, wird gelbe Karte codiert.
Ist allgemein davon die Sprache, dass der Schiedsrichter viele Fehlentscheidungen getroffen hat, wird bei dieser Kategorie die AusprĂ€gung 0 âEntscheidungen allgemeinâ codiert.
0 keine spezielle Entscheidung, sondern Entscheidungen allgemein
10 Vergehen
11 Foulspiel
12 Handspiel
13 TĂ€tlichkeit
14 Unsportlichkeit
15 Abseits
20 persönliche Strafe
21 Verwarnung/gelbe Karte
22 gelb-rote Karte
23 rote Karte
24 Ermahnung
30 Spielfortsetzung
31 Vergabe StrafstoĂ
32 AusfĂŒhrung StrafstoĂ
33 Wiederholung StrafstoĂ
34 Vergabe FreistoĂ
35 AusfĂŒhrung FreistoĂ
36 Wiederholung FreistoĂ
37 Vergabe Eckball
38 AusfĂŒhrung Eckball
39 Vergabe Einwurf
40 AusfĂŒhrung Einwurf
41 Schiedsrichterball
42 Weiterspielen
43 Anspiel/Tor
44 Abpfiff/Spielende
45 AbstoĂ
46 Halbzeitpfiff
99 Sonstige Entscheidung: _______________
References
Donsbach, W. (1987). Journalismusforschung in der Bundesrepublik. Offene Fragen trotz âForschungsboomâ. In J. Wilke (Hrsg.), Zwischenbilanz der Journalistenausbildung (S. 105-142). MĂŒnchen: ĂlschlĂ€ger.
Weischenberg, S. (1992). Journalistik. Theorie und Praxis aktueller Medienkommunikation. Band 1. Opladen: Westdeutscher.
Weston, M., Drust, B., Atkinson, G., & Gregson, W. (2011). Variability of soccer referees' match performances. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 32(3), 190-194.
Vögele, C., & SchĂ€fer, M. (2019). FuĂball-Schiedsrichter im Spiegel der Medien: Die Berichterstattung ĂŒber Bundesliga-Schiedsrichter in der ARD-Sportschau. Journal fĂŒr Sportkommunikation und Mediensport, 4(1), 1-24. VerfĂŒgbar unter: https://openjournals.hs-hannover.de/jskms/article/view/111/9
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