Effect of rumen undegradable fat at two levels of undegradable intake protein in early lactation through mid-lactation of dairy cows

Sixty multiparous Holstein cows were fed four concentrates formulated to contain 0 or .45 kg supplemental fat (SF) and 16% CP of which 36 or 42% was undegradable intake protein (UIP). A commercial blend of hydrolyzed feather meal and conventional cooker-dried blood meal along with dried distillers grain were used to increase the UIP percentage. Prilled, partially saturated beef tallow was the supplemental fat source. The control diet (36% UIP and 0 SF) was fed during the covariate period from calving through wk 4. At wk 5 postpartum, cows were switched to one of four experimental concentrates which they received for the following 17 wk: control. Fat (36% UIP and .45 kg SF), UP (42% UIP and 0 SF), and Fat + UP (42% UIP and .45 kg SF). The main effects were increased UIP and SF. Milk yield, concentrate intake, body weight and body condition score were not different due to treatment. Fat treatment tended to increase yield of four percent FCM (42.9 vs 40.8 kg/d) and milk protein (1.32 vs 1.23 kg/d). UP treatment had no significant effects. The interaction of Fat + UP decreased milk fat percent (2.79 vs 3.10%) and increased milk protein percent (3.12 vs 3.02%), which supports increased UIP content in the diet when SF is fed. Ultrasound measurements taken at the withers, between the twelfth and thirteen rib, and midpoint of the hooks and pins were compared with body condition scores (scale 1 = thin, 5 = fat). A low correlation between ultrasound measurements and body condition score indicates that body condition in dairy cattle should not be predicted by ultrasound measurements

The Influence of Molecular Architecture on the Macroscopic Lubrication Properties of the Brush-Like Co-polyelectrolyte Poly(L-lysine)- g -poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL- g -PEG) Adsorbed on Oxide Surfaces

The co-polymer poly(L-lysine)-g-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG) has been investigated as a potential biomimetic boundary-lubrication additive for aqueous lubrication systems. In this work, the influence of the co-polymer's architecture on its tribological performance has been investigated. The architectural parameters investigated comprise side-chain (PEG) length, Lys/PEG grafting ratio and backbone chain (PLL) length. The tribological approaches applied in this work include ultra-thin-film interferometry, the mini-traction machine (MTM), and pin-on-disk tribometry. Both an increase in the molecular weight of the PEG side chains and a reduction in the grafting ratio result in an improvement in the lubricating properties of aqueous PLL-g-PEG solution at low speeds. MTM measurements show that an increase in the molecular weight of the PLL backbone results in an increase of the coefficient of frictio

Homocysteine and small vessel stroke: A mendelian randomization analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Trials of B vitamin therapy to lower blood total homocysteine (tHcy) levels for prevention of stroke are inconclusive. Secondary analyses of trial data and epidemiological studies suggest that tHcy levels may be particularly associated with small vessel stroke (SVS). We assessed whether circulating tHcy and B vitamin levels are selectively associated with SVS, but not other stroke subtypes, using Mendelian randomization. METHODS: We used summary statistics data for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with tHcy (n = 18), folate (n = 3), vitamin B6 (n = 1), and vitamin B12 (n = 14) levels, and the corresponding data for stroke from the MEGASTROKE consortium (n = 16,952 subtyped ischemic stroke cases and 404,630 noncases). RESULTS: Genetically predicted tHcy was associated with SVS, with an odds ratio of 1.34 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-1.58; p = 6.7 × 10-4 ) per 1 standard deviation (SD) increase in genetically predicted tHcy levels, but was not associated with large artery or cardioembolic stroke. The association was mainly driven by SNPs at or near the MTHFR and MUT genes. The odds ratios of SVS per 1 SD increase in genetically predicted folate and vitamin B6 levels were 0.49 (95% CI, 0.34-0.71; p = 1.3 × 10-4 ) and 0.70 (95% CI, 0.52-0.94; p = 0.02), respectively. Genetically higher vitamin B12 levels were not associated with any stroke subtype. INTERPRETATION: These findings suggest that any effect of homocysteine-lowering treatment in preventing stroke will be confined to the SVS subtype. Whether genetic variants at or near the MTHFR and MUT genes influence SVS risk through pathways other than homocysteine levels and downstream effects require further investigation. Ann Neurol 2019;85:495-501

Circulating Vitamin K₁ Levels in Relation to Ischemic Stroke and Its Subtypes: A Mendelian Randomization Study.

Vitamin K plays a crucial role in blood coagulation, and hypercoagulability has been linked to atherosclerosis-related vascular disease. We used the Mendelian randomization study design to examine whether circulating vitamin K₁ (phylloquinone) levels are associated with ischemic stroke. Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with vitamin K₁ levels were used as instrumental variables. Summary-level data for large artery atherosclerotic stroke (n = 4373 cases), small vessel stroke (n = 5386 cases), cardioembolic stroke (n = 7193 cases), and any ischemic stroke (n = 34,217 cases and 404,630 non-cases) were available from the MEGASTROKE consortium. Genetically-predicted circulating vitamin K₁ levels were associated with large artery atherosclerotic stroke but not with any other subtypes or ischemic stroke as a whole. The odds ratios per genetically predicted one nmol/L increase in natural log-transformed vitamin K₁ levels were 1.31 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12⁻1.53; p = 7.0 × 10-4) for large artery atherosclerotic stroke, 0.98 (95% CI 0.85⁻1.12; p = 0.73) for small vessel stroke, 1.01 (95% CI 0.90⁻1.14; p = 0.84) for cardioembolic stroke, and 1.05 (95% CI 0.99⁻1.11; p = 0.11) for any ischemic stroke. These findings indicate that genetic predisposition to higher circulating vitamin K₁ levels is associated with an increased risk of large artery atherosclerotic stroke

Detection of the nearest Jupiter analog in radial velocity and astrometry data

© 2019 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society.The presence of Jupiter is crucial to the architecture of the Solar System and models underline this to be a generic feature of planetary systems. We find the detection of the difference between the position and motion recorded by the contemporary astrometric satellite Gaia and its precursor Hipparcos can be used to discover Jupiter-like planets. We illustrate how observations of the nearby star $\varepsilon$ Indi A giving astrometric and radial velocity data can be used to independently find the orbit of its suspected companion. The radial velocity and astrometric data provide complementary detections which allow for a much stronger solution than either technique would provide individually. We quantify $\varepsilon$ Indi A b as the closest Jupiter-like exoplanet with a mass of 3 $M_{Jup}$ on a slightly eccentric orbit with an orbital period of 45 yr. While other long-period exoplanets have been discovered, $\varepsilon$ Indi A b provides a well constrained mass and along with the well-studied brown dwarf binary in orbit around $\varepsilon$ Indi A means that the system provides a benchmark case for our understanding of the formation of gas giant planets and brown dwarfs.Peer reviewe

The influence of molecular architecture on the macroscopic lubrication properties of the brush-like co-polyelectrolyte poly(L-lysine)-g-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL-g-PEG) adsorbed on oxide surfaces

ISSN:1023-8883ISSN:1573-271

The Brief Memory and Executive Test (BMET) for detecting vascular cognitive impairment in small vessel disease: a validation study

Background: Cognitive impairment is common in patients with cerebral small vessel disease, but is not well detected using common cognitive screening tests which have been primarily devised for cortical dementias. We developed the Brief Memory and Executive Test (BMET); a rapid screening measure sensitive to the impaired executive function and processing speed characteristic of small vessel disease (SVD). To assess the BMET’s validity for general use, we evaluated it when administered by non-psychologists in a multicentre study and collected control data to derive normative scores. Methods: Two-hundred participants with SVD, defined as a clinical lacunar stroke and a corresponding lacunar infarct on MRI, and 303 healthy controls aged between 40–90 years old were recruited. The BMET, as well as the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), were performed. Overall, 55 SVD participants underwent repeat testing at 3 months to assess the BMET test-retest reliability. Results: Administering the BMET took a mean (SD) of 12.9 (4.7) in cases and 9.5 (2.6) minutes in controls. Receiver Operator Curve analysis showed the BMET was a good predictor of cognitive impairment in SVD (AUC = 0.94) and performed significantly better than both the MoCA (AUC = 0.77) and the MMSE (AUC = 0.70). Using a cut-off score of 13, the BMET had a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 76% for detecting cognitive impairment in SVD. Conclusions: The BMET is a brief and sensitive tool for the detection of cognitive impairment in patients with SVD.The BMET study was funded by The Stroke Association (TSA2010/08). Recruitment to BMET was supported by the NIHR Stroke Clinical Research Network. Hugh Markus is supported by an NIHR Senior Investigator award and his work is supported by the Cambridge University Hospitals NIHR Comprehensive BRC. Matthew Hollocks is supported by a Stroke Association/British Heart Foundation Grant (TSA BHF 2010/01). Robin Morris receives consultancy fees for P1Vital Limited. The authors disclose no competing interests financial or otherwise.This is the final published version. It first appeared at http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/s12916-015-0290-y.pdf