Polish cities in transition – balance of changes in spatial development -opportunities and threats arising from integration with european union

The paper deals with urban development processes in Poland in the historical context. These processes are confronted with Western European urban development pattern. The author focuses its considerations on specific developments and distortion aspects like historical huge scale war devastations and large scale developments from the period of centrally planned economy. The influence of these events on dynamic and cycles of present-day urban processes and urban policy challenges is analyzed. In conclusions author suggests that Poland has own specific business and urban cycles, which makes Poland different than its neighboring countries. Past historical development has left is a strong footprint which should be taken very seriously in contemporary national urban policy.

Conditions of the Development of Logistic Centers in Poland in the Context of European States Experiences

The article is, for the most part, the aftermath of his own examinations carried out in years 2007-2010 and concerning logistic centers development conditioning.Artykuł jest w znacznej mierze pokłosiem badań własnych autora przeprowadzonych w latach: 2007-2010 dotyczących uwarunkowań rozwoju centrów logistycznych

Requirements for a gene pool conservation of some mountain species in the Gdańsk-Region

The author has carried out a preliminary analysis and an estimation of odds and requirements for the maintenance of mountain plants in the Gdańsk-Region, i.e. in an area of their greatest density in the West Pomerania (Northern Poland). Species contents, commonness of the plants and a role reserves in preserving of their localities were considered. The author has also considered their contribution to plant communities, their reaction to anthropopressure, their capacities for migration, and finally the density of their populations (summary see page 172).Zadanie pt. Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Łódzki nr 885/P-DUN/2014 zostało dofinansowane ze środków MNiSW w ramach działalności upowszechniającej naukę

Koordynacja polityki fiskalnej i monetarnej w strefie euro przed kryzysem i po kryzysie

financial crisis of 2007–2008. The achievement of coordinated actions, both in terms of national fiscal policies as well as in the fiscal and monetary area, was intended to support a number of reforms introduced from 2011. The aim of this study is to analyse the coordination of fiscal policies of the euro area Member States and their aggregate attitude with the European Central Bank monetary policy, in two research periods separated by the most important reforms. The scope of the analysis covers the years 1999–2018. The time interval is divided into two sub-periods: the first concerns the years 1999–2010 and the second 2011–2018. The Fiscal Condition Index (FCI) and the correlation coefficient are used to analyse the coordination of the fiscal stance of the euro area countries. The aggregated bias of fiscal policies and monetary policy, estimated using the Monetary Conditions Index (MCI), is presented in the policy mix map. In addition, the relationship between the Policy Mix Index (PMI) and the output gap is estimated. The coordination of national fiscal policies proved to be stronger in the second analysed period. Nevertheless, the analysis of fiscal and monetary coordination does not allow unequivocal conclusions to be drawn. The policy mix in the first analysed period was of a counter-cyclical nature, while in the second – procyclical. There is still an urgent need to further improve economic management in the euro area.Znaczenie koordynacji polityki fiskalnej i monetarnej istotnie wzrosło po kryzysie z końca pierwszej dekady XXI w. Osiągnięcie skoordynowanych działań, zarówno w aspekcie koordynacji narodowych polityk fiskalnych, jak i w zakresie fiskalno-monetarnym, miał wspomóc szereg wprowadzonych reform od 2011 r. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza koordynacji polityk fiskalnych państw członkowskich strefy euro oraz ich zagregowanego nastawienia z polityką pieniężną Europejskiego Banku Centralnego w dwóch okresach badawczych rozdzielonych najważniejszymi reformami. Analiza obejmuje lata 1999–2018. Ten przedział czasowy został podzielony na dwa podokresy: 1999–2010 i 2011–2018. Do analizy koordynacji nastawienia fiskalnego krajów strefy euro posłużono się indeksem restrykcyjności fiskalnej (FCI) i współczynnikiem korelacji. Zagregowane nastawienie polityk fiskalnych oraz polityki monetarnej, oszacowane za pomocą indeksu warunków pieniężnych (MCI), przedstawiono na mapie restrykcyjności (policy mix). Ponadto oszacowano związek indeksu policy mix (PMI) z luką produktową. Koordynacja narodowych polityk fiskalnych okazała się silniejsza w drugim analizowanym okresie. Niemniej jednak analiza koordynacji fiskalno-monetarnej nie pozwala na wyciągnięcie jednoznacznych wniosków. Policy mix w pierwszym analizowanym okresie miała charakter antycykliczny, natomiast w drugim – procykliczny. Wciąż istnieje pilna potrzeba dalszej poprawy zarządzania gospodarczego w strefie euro

Breeding birds community of oak-hornbeam reserves in Pilica Forest

From 1979 to 1981 investigations of breeding birds communities were conducted in four oak-hornbeam reserves situated in Pilica Forest. In the „Błogie” and „Gaik” reserves the abundance of breeding birds was determined by using mapping technique in two subsequent breeding seasons. A total of 66 breeding bird species within the area of this reserves was recorded. The highest number 61 species was found in the „Błogie” reserve and lower number 48, 44 and 31 in the „Jeleń”, „Gaik” and „Spała” reserves respectively. The density of pairs ranged from 92 to 122 per 10 ha. The group of dominant species always consisted of five bird species: Sturnus vulgaris, Fringilla coelebs, Erithacus rubecula, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, Parus major.Zadanie pt. Digitalizacja i udostępnienie w Cyfrowym Repozytorium Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego kolekcji czasopism naukowych wydawanych przez Uniwersytet Łódzki nr 885/P-DUN/2014 zostało dofinansowane ze środków MNiSW w ramach działalności upowszechniającej naukę

The Effective Exchange Rate Index KIX - Theory and Practice

The world trade patterns have changed over the recent years, and for Sweden many important trading partners have emerged. The National Institute of Economic Research has therefore compiled a new effective exchange rate of index for the Swedish krona, KIX. KIX is a chain-linked index that includes the currencies of 32 countries. The weight attached to each country is based on the patterns of international trade in manufactured goods and commodities. The index includes a number of emerging economies and gives in this way a more adequate definition of the effective exchange rate of the krona than the traditional indices. Furthermore, it allows for the changes in relative importance of Sweden´s trading partners. The calculation of KIX is now documented in a Working Paper: The Effective Exchange Rate Index KIX - Theory and Practise.

Neighbouring residue effects on the ^(15)N chemical shifts of some aliphatic dipeptides

The ^(15)N chemical shifts of a number of simple aliphatic dipeptides have been determined in a aqueous solution and while the amine nitrogen shift is independent of the nature of the neighbouring residue, the peptide nitrogen shift shows a marked dependence upon the nature of the adjacent amino-acid