Effect of development stage on content of lignin and nutritive value of alfalfa and red clover

Ispitivan je uticaj sorte, faze razvića i otkosa na hranljivu vrednost lucerke (Medicago sativa L.) i crvene deteline (Trifolium pratense L.). Hemijski sastav je odreñen prema Weende i Detergent sistemu analize. Primenom CNCPS sistema analize utvrñena je priroda proteina i ugljenih hidrata ispitivanih biljnih vrsta, odnosno oblik u kome su ove hranljive supstance zastupljene, a koji jeste najznačajniji činilac koji odreñuje stepen i brzinu razlaganja u buragu. U ovim istraživanjima utvrñene su razlike u sadržaju lignina ispitivanih krmnih vrsta u zavisnosti od starosti biljaka, kao i uticaj lignifikacije ćelijskih zidova na svarljivost ovih hraniva. Prinos suve materije lucerke i crvene deteline zavisio je od sva tri ispitivana faktora i njihovih interakcija. Domaća sorta lucerke je produktivnija (6,8 do 2,3 t ha-1 od prvog do četvrtog otkosa, odnosno od 3,4 do 5,5 t ha-1 od prve do treće faze razvića) u odnosu na američku (5,9 do 2,2 t ha-1 od prvog do četvrtog otkosa, odnosno od 2,7 do 5,2 t ha-1 od prve do treće faze razvića). Američka populacija lucerke je sadržala veću količinu sirovih proteina (197,9 g kg-1 SM) u odnosu na domaću sortu (188,7 g kg-1 SM), dok je tetraploidna sorta crvene deteline sadržala veću količinu sirovih proteina (181,3 g kg-1 SM) u odnosu na diploidnu sortu (174,5 g kg-1 SM). Najveći sadržaj sirove celuloze je konstatovan u drugom otkosu sorte K 28 (407,6 g kg-1 SM). Faza razvića je značajno uticala na udeo lignina u suvoj materiji lucerke, čija se količina povećala od prvog do trećeg otkosa. U suvoj materiji crvene deteline je konstatovana značajno manja količina lignina. Najveća svarljivost suve materije je ustanovljena u četvrtom otkosu lucerke (754,4 g kg-1 SM), odnosno u trećem otkosu crvene deteline (820,1 g kg-1 SM), a najmanja u drugom otkosu, što se može objasniti najvećim učešćem strukturnih ugljenih hidrata u ovom otkosu...The effect of cultivar, stage of development and the cuts on the nutritional value of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) was investigated. The chemical composition was determined according to Weende and Detergent system of analysis. Applying CNCPS system of analysis the nature of protein and carbohydrates of plant species were examined, and a form of these nutrients were present in the plants, which is the most important factor determining the rate of degradation in the rumen. In this investigation, differences in lignin content of investigated forage crops were determined depending on the plant development, and the influence of lignifications on the cell wall digestibility of these forages. Dry matter yield of alfalfa and red clover depended on all three factors and their interactions. The local variety of alfalfa, K 28, was more productive (from 6,8 to 2,3 t ha-1 from first to fourth cut, and from 3,4 to 5,5 t ha-1 from first to third stage of development) compared to US variety, G+13R+CZ (from 5,9 to 2,2 t ha-1 from first to fourth cut, and from 2,7 to 5,2 t ha-1 from first to third stage of development). US alfalfa population contained a larger amount of crude protein (197,9 g kg-1 DM) in relation to K 28 (188,7 g kg-1 DM), while the tetraploid cultivar of red clover contained a larger amount of crude protein (181,3 g kg-1 DM) in the relation to the diploid cultivar (174,5 g kg-1 DM). The highest content of crude fiber was noted in the third stage of development in the second cut of alfalfa, K 28 cultivar (407,6 g kg-1 DM). Stage of development had a significant impact on the proportion of lignin in the dry matter of alfalfa and the amount of lignin increased from the first to the third cut. Significantly lower amount of lignin was detected in the dry matter of red clover. The highest dry matter digestibility was detected in the fourth cut of alfalfa (754,4 g kg-1 DM), and the third cut of red clover (820,1 g kg-1 DM), and lowest digestibility was determined in the second cut, which could be explained by a higher amount of structural carbohydrates in this cut..

Effect of condensed tannins concentrations on protein degradability of red clover, italian ryegrass and their mixtures

Growing grasses in a mixture with legumes leads to more profitable production, better quality of forages, an increase in soil biogenicity and fixation of a significant amount of nitrogen. The experiment was established as a two factorial trial by the method of randomized complete block design in three replications. Italian ryegrass – monocrop (IR), red clover – monocrop (RC) and their mixtures – IR:RC (15:5 kg ha-1), IR:RC (15:10 kg ha-1), IR:RC (20:5 kg ha-1) and IR:RC (20:10 kg ha-1) were planted in November 2016, with the first cutting in the spring 2017 – on May the 9th, and the second cutting in the early summer – on June the 22nd. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentrations of phenolic compounds such as condensed tannins in Italian ryegrass, red clover and their mixtures, as well as their concentrations impact on protein degradability in the rumen depends on the seeding rate in the mixtures and harvested in the spring and early summer. Results obtained in this study showed that higher concentrations of non-protein nitrogen and soluble protein in forages harvested in the spring influenced higher rapidly degradable protein concentration in investigated mixtures. The highest rumen undegradable protein was determined in Italian ryegrass monocrop harvested in early summer, and we assume that high condensed tannins concentration influenced the slower protein degradability. Our recommendation for plant breeders is that cultivars with higher content of condensed tannins should be created and introduced in animal nutrition

Study of red clover wild populations from the territory of Serbia for the purpose of pre-selection

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the agronomic value of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) wild populations. The analyzed material was gathered on the territory of Serbia and it was estimated which populations could be involved in the breeding program. 17 red clover populations were included in the research. Investigation was carried out at the experimental field of the Institute for forage crops, Krusevac, Serbia. The field trial was performed during three years (2008 - 2010) when data about morphological (green mass, dry mater, plant height, number of stems, number of lateral branches, number of internodes, length and width of a middle leaf lamina) and basic chemical parameters (quantity of crude proteins, crude fiber, ash, fat, NFE) were collected. In this paper, results of the research were processed by application of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariation methods. Cluster analysis based on morphological traits resulted in formation of three clusters and the traits with the largest influence on grouping were: green mass, plant height, length and width of a leaf. Principal component method confirmed this separation and resulted in even more clear grouping of populations. Cluster analysis and PCA method were also applied to the traits of dry matter quality, when four clusters were formed, and the traits with the largest influence on grouping were percentages of protein, fat and fiber. Using both set of traits and several types of analyses contribute to grouping of populations which promise most and whose positive traits such as: high green mass yield, number of stems as well as the percentage of proteins can be combined for the purpose of getting synthetic varieties

Uticaj primene bakterijskih inokulanata i strukture smeše na kvalitet silaže grahorice i ovsa

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the possibility of ensiling common vetch - oat mixtures sown at five different seeding rates. Two effects were studied: seeding rate of common vetch and oat in the mixtures and application of bacterial inoculant. The pH, DM (Dry Matter) content, ammonia nitrogen, soluble nitrogen, lactic, acetic and butyric acids were determined on silages. DLG method was utilized for classification the silage quality. Common vetch and oat were grown in binary mixtures at the experimental field of the Institute for forage crops, Kruševac - Serbia, and were tested at five different mixture rates: pure vetch, 25% vetch + 75% oat, 50% vetch + 50% oat, 75% vetch + 25% oat and pure oat. Application of bacterial inoculant affected higher content of ammonia nitrogen and acetic acid (P lt 0.05), but lower content of soluble nitrogen (P lt 0.05). Depending on the seeding rates of common vetch and oat, 75 : 25 common vetch - oat silage had the highest content of lactic acid and the lowest content of butyric acid. Contents of DM, pH and ammonia nitrogen were similar in all silages ranged from 307.2 to 318.5 g kg-1 , from 4.27 to 4.54 and from 16.1 to 19.1% ΣN, respectively. According to the DLG method for silage quality evaluation, similar quality grades were founded.Istraživanje je sprovedeno da bi se procenila mogućnost siliranja smeša grahorice i ovsa posejanih u pet različitih odnosa. Ispitivana su dva faktora: udeo semena grahorice i ovsa u smeši i primena inokulanta pri siliranju. Sadržaj suve materiije, pH, sadržaj amonijačnog i rastvorljivog azota, kao i sadržaj sirćetne, buterne i mlečne kiseline je utvrđen u silaži. Za ocenu kvaliteta silaže je korišćena DLG i metoda po Weissbach-u. Ogled je postavljen na eksperimentalnom polju Instituta za krmno bilje u Kruševcu, Srbija, i ispitavanja su obuhvatila pet različitih smeša: čist usev grahorice, 25% grahorice + 75% ovsa, 50% grahorice + 50% ovsa, 75% grahorice + 25% ovsa i čist usev ovsa. Rezultati suobrađeni kao dvofaktorijalni ogled, analizom varijanse korišćenjem modela koji objašnjava uticaj structure smeše i primene inokulanta na kvalitet silaže. Primena bakterijskog inokulanta je uzrokovala veći sadržaj amonijačnog azota i sirćetne kiseline (P lt 0.05), ali niži sadržaj rastvorljivog azota. Smeša u kojoj je odnos grahorice i ovsa bio 75:25 sadržala je najveći udeo mlečne kiseline i najmanji udeo buterne kiseline. Sadržaj suve materije, pH i amonijačnog azota je bio sličan u svim silažama i kretao se od 307,2 do 318,5 g kg-1 , od 4,27 do 4,54 i od 16,1 do 19,1% ΣN, respektivno. Na osnovu ocene kvaliteta silaže prema DLG i Weissbach metodi utvrđen je približan kvalitet ispitivanih silaža

Ispitivanje karakteristika ratarskih prskalica u Rasinskom okrugu

In agricultural production, pests and diseases of agricultural crops, as well as weed plants, cause significant losses in the yield and quality of agricultural products. One of the most effective ways of fighting is the use of a wide range of chemicals called pesticides. In accordance with the EU Directives 2009/128/EC and 2006/42/EC underlying the standard EN 13790, the Plant Protection Administration of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Environment of the Republic of Serbia has established a framework for the control of sprayers and mist blowers. Maintaining sprayers for pesticide application in a good state of repair and proper working order reduces their harmful effects on human health and the environment. The nozzle is one of the most important parts of plant protection machines, responsible for the following major functions: delivery of a given amount of liquid in a unit of time, dispersion of the liquid by making droplets of different sizes and forming a stream of a particular shape. Testing of the working safety of sprayers and nozzles was carried out in accordance with the European Standard EN 13790 which specifies the methods and equipment for inspection. The flow rate of nozzles was measured by an S001 nozzle tester (AAMS-Salvarani, Belgium). The measuring equipment used for testing the pesticide application device can accurately determine any deviation and irregularity in the application.U poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji, štetočine i bolesti poljoprivrednih kultura, kao i korovske biljke svake godine prouzrokuju značajne gubitke u prinosu i kvalitetu poljoprivrednih proizvoda. Jedan od najefikasnijih načina borbe jeste primena brojnih i različitih hemijskih sredstava, koja se nazivaju opštim nazivom pesticidi. U skladu sa Direktivama Evropskog parlamenta 2009/128/EC i 2006/42/EC, kojima je osnova standard EN 13790, koji propisuje obavezni pregled mašina za zaštitu bilja, Uprava za zaštitu bilja Ministarstva poljoprivrede i životne sredine Republike Srbije uspostavlja okvir za kontrolu sistema prskalica i orošivača. Upotrebom tehnički ispravnih i kontrolisanih ratarskih prskalica za primenu pesticida smanjuje se njihov štetni uticaj na zdravlje ljudi i životnu okolinu. Jedan od najznačajnijih delova mašina za zaštitu bilja predstavljaju rasprskivači. Oni obavljaju najvažnije funkcije, kao što su: propuštaju zadate količine tečnosti u jedinici vremena, raspršuju tečnost praveći kapljice odgovarajućih veličina i formiraju mlaz odgovarajućeg oblika. Testiranje radne ispravnosti prskalice i rasprskivača vršeno je u skladu sa evropskim normativom EN 13790, koji propisuje metode i opremu kojom se obavlja inspekcija. Protok rasprskivača je meren pomoću ispitivača pojedinačnih rasprskivača S001 belgijskog proizvođača 'AAMS-Salvarani'. Primenom merne opreme za ispitivanje ispravnosti rada uređaja za primenu pesticida, merenjem je moguće tačno ustanoviti svako odstupanje i nepravilnost u radu. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na to da postoje značajna odstupanja ispitivanih parametara

The use of different N sources for the treatment of permanent grassland and effect on forage quality

During an experiment conducted in Serbia, near the city of Sabac over two growing seasons (2012/13 and 2013/14), the yield and quality of grassland treated with an organo-mineral fertilizer (farmyard manure 30 t ha(-1) + 10 wt.% zeolite) was monitored and compared to fertilization with pure manure (30 t ha(-1)), spring nitrogen application (50 kg/ha N), treatment with pure zeolite, and treatment without the addition of fertilizers. All fertilizers were spread in the autumn of 2012. Nitrogen was exceptionally applied in the spring of 2013 and 2014. Dry matter (DM) yield and forage quality were evaluated during the growing season, in two forage harvests. In addition to yields, the chemical composition of the biomass, concentrations of total protein fractions and in vitro DM digestibility were examined in detail. The biomass yields of both cuts in the first season were considerably higher after the application of manure with zeolite, pure manure and mineral nitrogen, compared to the control and zeolite. No significant differences among the treatments were noted with regard to the chemical composition of the biomass, or the effect of the type of fertilization on DM digestibility of the biomass from the natural grassland. The application of the organo-mineral fertilizer considerably reduced the share of NPN in total protein, compared to pure manure

Using molecular markers in the identification of different genotypes of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)

In order to have successful breeding, it is necessary to introduce new breeding material constantly and to use it through various types of hybridisation to increase the existing variability. Ten (10) lucerne varieties of different geographic origin were used in the study. Six varieties originated from the Republic of Serbia (Kruševačka 22, Kruševačka 28, NS-Banat ZMS II, NS-Mediana ZMS V, Zaječarska 83 and Čačanka 10), three varieties originated from the Republic of Croatia (Osječka 66, Osječka 88 and Osječka 99) and one variety originated from the Republika Srpska (Banjalučanka). A total of 100 seeds per each of 10 (ten) lucerne varieties were placed in Petri dishes to germinate. The dishes were placed in the seed germination chamber with the altering temperature of 20 oС in the dark for 16 h and 30 oС in the light for 8 h for seven days. The first green leaflets of lucerne seedlings (cotyledons) were used for the DNA extraction. The first and the second axes from the principal coordinates analysis accounted for a total of 63.1% of genetic variation, contained in the original dataset. It is clearly observed that the genotype Zaječarska 83 is genetically most distant from other studied lucerne genotypes. These studies confirmed that the observed collection of lucerne varieties is variable enough for the successful breeding process. Using an appropriate breeding model it is possible to breed varieties for certain purposes

Pathogenicity on grapevine and sporulation of E. lata isolates originating from Serbia

Pathogenicity of four isolates of Eutypa lata originating from Serbia (VL 17, VL 27, VL 29, VL 30) and two French reference isolates (8F and BX 1.10), were examined and compared on unrooted cuttings of Cabernet Sauvignon. Additionally, susceptibility to infection by all six isolates of E. lata was tested on unrooted cuttings of six different grapevine cultivars including Riesling white, Opuzenska rana, Sauvignon, Radmilovacki muskat, Beogradska besemena and Negotinski rubin in greenhouse experiments. All tested isolates proved to be pathogenic on Cabernet Sauvignon. Moreover, each grapevine cultivar showed different degrees of susceptibility to infection depending on the E. lata isolate. The effect of different culture media (PDA, MA, GWA, YA, WA and TA) on both sporulation of E. lata isolates and germination of conidia was also studied. Sporulation occurred after 30 days in three media (PDA, MA, GWA) and after 2 months on WA. No sporulation was observed on YA and TA. The ability of conidia to germinate was assessed on PDA, MA, GWA and WA under continuous UV light. Calculation revealed that the average percentage germination of conidia was very low 0,15%

Impurities in alfalfa seed and their impact on processsing technology

The aim of this research was to determine relevant parameters and optimal alfalfa seed processing technology by a comparative analysis of two systems of machinery for processing natural alfalfa seed of different purity (59.0% and 71.0%) and with different content of impurities. The relevant parameters monitored during the test were: pure seed (%), weed seeds and seeds of other crops (%), inert matter (%), amount of processed seed (kg), seed processing time (min), consumption of steel powder (kg), water (l), glycerin (ml), and processing yield (%). Alfalfa is the most important forage legume due to its forage quality and growing regions in our country and worldwide. The losses of alfalfa seed in processing are directly dependent on the type and quantity of weeds and other impurities present in the natural seed. In particular, a large amount of impurities and weeds in natural alfalfa seed may be due to the poor condition of crops, as well as improper adjustment of combine harvesters during the harvest. The processing of alfalfa seed is performed by multiple pieces of equipment and devices, including a number of different procedures depending on the initial seed purity. The type of processing machinery and the selection of appropriate technological measures depend on the initial seed purity. The proper setting of processing machinery is also very important in order to obtain optimal results and reduce seed losses during processing

Changes in the infrared attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectra of lignins from alfalfa stem with growth and development

Lignin is a poorly characterized polymer and its exact properties vary depending on both the species of the plant and its location within the plant. Three classes of lignins taken from alfalfa stem were examined. The investigation was concentrated on the determination of chemical changes in the lignins during growth and development by the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared (IR) spectrometric technique. The spectrum of permanganate lignin was comparable to that of acid detergent lignin. The main differences were in the different relative absorbance of the peaks. The predominant component of acid detergent lignin and permanganate lignin was guaiacyl-type lignin. The predominant component of Klason lignin was syringyl-type lignin. A comparison between the signals from lignin in different development stages revealed the appearance of new peaks, which are indications of new bonds and changes in the structure of the lignins