Genetic diversity and genetic structure of the Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) populations from Asia

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.Abstract Background The roe deer, Capreolus sp., is one of the most widespread meso-mammals of Palearctic distribution, and includes two species, the European roe deer, C. capreolus inhabiting mainly Europe, and the Siberian roe deer, C. pygargus, distributed throughout continental Asia. Although there are a number of genetic studies concerning European roe deer, the Siberian roe deer has been studied less, and none of these studies use microsatellite markers. Natural processes have led to genetic structuring in wild populations. To understand how these factors have affected genetic structure and connectivity of Siberian roe deer, we investigated variability at 12 microsatellite loci for Siberian roe deer from ten localities in Asia. Results Moderate levels of genetic diversity (H E = 0.522 to 0.628) were found in all populations except in Jeju Island, South Korea, where the diversity was lowest (H E = 0.386). Western populations showed relatively low genetic diversity and higher degrees of genetic differentiation compared with eastern populations (mean Ar = 3.54 (east), 2.81 (west), mean F ST = 0.122). Bayesian-based clustering analysis revealed the existence of three genetically distinct groups (clusters) for Siberian roe deer, which comprise of the Southeastern group (Mainland Korea, Russian Far East, Trans-Baikal region and Northern part of Mongolia), Northwestern group (Western Siberia and Ural in Russia) and Jeju Island population. Genetic analyses including AMOVA (F RT = 0.200), Barrier and PCA also supported genetic differentiation among regions separated primarily by major mountain ridges, suggesting that mountains played a role in the genetic differentiation of Siberian roe deer. On the other hand, genetic evidence also suggests an ongoing migration that may facilitate genetic admixture at the border areas between two groups. Conclusions Our results reveal an apparent pattern of genetic differentiation among populations inhabiting Asia, showing moderate levels of genetic diversity with an east-west gradient. The results suggest at least three distinct management units of roe deer in continental Asia, although genetic admixture is evident in some border areas. The insights obtained from this study shed light on management of Siberian roe deer in Asia and may be applied in conservation of local populations of Siberian roe deer

Genetic structure of wild boar (Sus scrofa) populations from East Asia based on microsatellite loci analyses

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.Abstract Background Wild boar, Sus scrofa, is an extant wild ancestor of the domestic pig as an agro-economically important mammal. Wild boar has a worldwide distribution with its geographic origin in Southeast Asia, but genetic diversity and genetic structure of wild boar in East Asia are poorly understood. To characterize the pattern and amount of genetic variation and population structure of wild boar in East Asia, we genotyped and analyzed microsatellite loci for a total of 238 wild boar specimens from ten locations across six countries in East and Southeast Asia. Results Our data indicated that wild boar populations in East Asia are genetically diverse and structured, showing a significant correlation of genetic distance with geographic distance and implying a low level of gene flow at a regional scale. Bayesian-based clustering analysis was indicative of seven inferred genetic clusters in which wild boars in East Asia are geographically structured. The level of genetic diversity was relatively high in wild boars from Southeast Asia, compared with those from Northeast Asia. This gradient pattern of genetic diversity is consistent with an assumed ancestral population of wild boar in Southeast Asia. Genetic evidences from a relationship tree and structure analysis suggest that wild boar in Jeju Island, South Korea have a distinct genetic background from those in mainland Korea. Conclusions Our results reveal a diverse pattern of genetic diversity and the existence of genetic differentiation among wild boar populations inhabiting East Asia. This study highlights the potential contribution of genetic variation of wild boar to the high genetic diversity of local domestic pigs during domestication in East Asia

Endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta is superior to resuscitative thoracotomy with aortic clamping in a porcine model of hemorrhagic shock

Background. Noncompressible torso hemorrhage is the leading cause of potentially preventable death on the modern battlefield. The objective of this study is to characterize resuscitative aortic balloon occlusion (BO) compared to thoracotomy with aortic clamping in a model of hemorrhagic shock. Methods. A total of 18 swine (3 groups; 6 animals/group) were used in this study. Swine in class IV shock underwent no aortic occlusion (NO), thoracotomy and clamp occlusion (CO), or endovascular BO. Animals in the NO group underwent direct placement of a temporary vascular shunt (TVS) at the injury site, whereas animals in the CO and BO groups underwent aortic occlusion before TVS placement. Hemodynamic and physiologic measures were collected. Results. The central aortic pressure, carotid blood flow and brain oxygenation as measured by oximetry increased in the CO and BO groups compared to the NO group (P \u3c.05). During resuscitation, the BO group was less acidotic than the CO group (pH,7.35 vs 7.24; P \u3c.05) with a lower serum lactate level (4.27 vs 6.55; P \u3c.05) and pCO2 level (43.5 vs 49.9; P \u3c.05). During resuscitation, the BO group required less fluid (667 mL vs 2,166 mL; P \u3c.05) and norepinephrine (0 mcg vs 52.1 mcg; P \u3c.05) than the CO group. Conclusion. Resuscitative aortic BO increases central perfusion pressures with less physiologic disturbance than thoracotomy with aortic clamping in a model of hemorrhagic shock. Endovascular BO of the aorta should be explored further as an option in the management of noncompressible torso hemorrhage

Initial Surgical Treatment for Breast Cancer and the Distance Traveled for Care

Background: Geography may influence the operative decision-making in breast cancer treatment. This study evaluates the relationship between distance to treating facility and the initial breast cancer surgery selected, identifying the characteristics of women who travel for surgery. Methods: Utilizing Florida state inpatient and ambulatory surgery databases, we identified female breast cancer patients who underwent surgical treatment from January 1 to December 31, 2013. Patients were subgrouped by distance to treatment facility. The primary outcome was the initial surgical treatment choice. Regression models were used to identify factors associated with greater distance to initial treatment. Results: The final sample included 12 786 patients who underwent lumpectomy, mastectomy alone, or mastectomy with reconstruction. Compared to women who traveled \u3c 4.0 miles, women who traveled \u3e 14.0 miles were younger ( P \u3c .001), more often identified as white with private insurance ( P \u3c .001) and were less likely to have three or more medical comorbidities ( P \u3c .001). With increased travel to treatment, the frequency of lumpectomy decreased ( P \u3c .001), while the frequency of mastectomy with reconstruction increased ( P \u3c .001). Increasing age in years (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = .98 [95% CI = .98-.99]) and identifying as nonwhite with private (AOR = .70 [.61-.80]) or public insurance (AOR = .64 [.56-.73]) was associated with less frequently travelling for initial breast cancer surgery. Discussion: The relationship between the initial surgical treatment for breast cancer and the distance traveled for care highlights a disparity between those who can and cannot travel for treatment

Prophylactic fasciotomy in a porcine model of extremity trauma

Background: Extremity injury, with concomitant hemorrhagic shock, can result in ischemia–reperfusion injury and the formation of compartment syndrome requiring fasciotomy. As the benefit of prophylactic fasciotomy is unclear, the objective of this study is to determine the functional recovery of an ischemic limb with hemorrhagic shock after prophylactic fasciotomy.<p></p> Material and methods: Yorkshire swine underwent 35% blood volume hemorrhage, followed by 1, 3, and 6 h of ischemia (n = 17; 1HR, 3HR, and 6HR) via iliac artery occlusion followed by repair and reperfusion. A second cohort (n = 18) underwent fasciotomy of the anterior compartment of the hind limb following vascular repair (1HR-F, 3HR-F, and 6HR-F). Compartment pressures, measures of electromyographic (EMG) recovery, and a validated gait score (modified Tarlov) were performed throughout a 14-d survival period.<p></p> Results: Increasing ischemic intervals resulted in incremental increases in compartment pressure (P &#60; 0.05), although the mean did not exceed 30 mm Hg. EMG studies did not show a significant improvement comparing the 3HR with 6HR groups. There was a significant improvement in the EMG studies within the 3HR-F, when compared with 6HR-F. There was a trend toward sensory improvement between the 3HR-F and 3HR groups. However, this did not translate to a difference in functional outcome as measured by the Tarlov gait score.<p></p> Conclusions: Within this swine model of hemorrhagic shock and hind limb ischemia, the use of prophylactic fasciotomies did not improve functional outcome

Additional file 1: of Genetic diversity and genetic structure of the Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) populations from Asia

Table S1. Genetic characteristics of 12 microsatellite loci for Siberian roe deer from seven geographic regions in Asia. See Fig. 4 for sampling regions. Table S2: Source information and characteristics of 12 microsatellite markers obtained from cross-species amplification. Table S3: Wilcoxon signed rank test to assess differences in allelic richness (Ar) and expected heterozygosity that are corrected by small sample sizes (UHE) (one-tailed p-value). Figure S1: Bar graph of allelic diversity (Ar) and expected heterozygosity that are corrected by small sample sizes (UHE) in eight Siberian roe deer population. Table S4: Differentiation among three regions (cluster) of Siberian roe deer estimated by pairwise R ST, mean pR ST and F ST values per locus and multilocus