Profesori i direktori te udžbenici Primaljske škole u Zadru

Midwifery in Dalmatia was highly undeveloped at the beginning of the XIX century. The health report from 1813 suggested that there were only 48 midwives in the whole province, and none of them with a degree from the midwifery school. After abolishing the Central Schools („Ecoles Centrales“), which were founded at the time of French reign, and which had the university range, the professors who stayed in Zadar continued their work and teaching in the Midwifery School, which was founded in 1820 according to the decision made by Emperor Franz I, and started working in 1821. Since the school was working continuously for the whole century, a lot of professors and principals passed through. Protomedicus of Dalmatia officially performed the duty of principals of the Midwifery School. Their life and work biographies were gathered in this paper. Although the newcomers were mostly illiterate, very contemporary and valuable textbooks were used at that time. The professors of this school wrote some of these textbooks. This paper analyses those textbooks from the current medical science and praxis point of view, which points out to its significance and contribution of its authors to the reputation that the School enjoyed at that time.Primaljstvo je u Dalmaciji početkom XIX. stoljeća bilo veoma nerazvijeno. Prema zdravstvenom izvješću iz 1813., u cijeloj je pokrajini bilo samo 48 primalja, a nijedna nije imala diplomu škole za primalje. Nakon ukidanja centralnih škola, ustanovljenih u vrijeme francuske vladavine, koje su imale rang sveučilišta, profesori koji su boravili u Zadru nastavili su svoj rad i podučavanje u Školi za primalje osnovanoj 1820. u skladu s odlukom cara Franje I., koja je započela raditi 1821. godine. Budući da je škola radila bez prekida čitavo stoljeće, u njoj je predavalo više profesora, a protomedici Dalmacije po službenoj su dužnosti bili i ravnatelji Primaljske škole. U ovom je radu prikazan njihov život, rad i doprinos medicini Dalmacije. Iako nove učenice uglavnom nisu bile pismene, na raspolaganju su imale kvalitetne udžbenike. Neke od njih su napisali profesori Škole za primalje. Ovdje su analizirani udžbenici s aspekta današnje medicinske znanosti i prakse, što upućuje na njihovo značenje i doprinos njihovih autora ugledu koji je škola uživala u to vrijeme

OD "MEŠTRIJE PUPKOREZNE" J. B. LALANGUEA DO "PORODILJSTVA" PROF. DR. A. LOBMAYERA I PROF. DR. F. DURSTA

A short survey of midwifery and obstetrics development in the northwest part of Croatia is presented in this paper, from J.B. Lalangue’s coming to Varaždin, through the founding and work of Midwifery School and National Maternity in Zagreb to the persons without whom this would not be possible or it would be quite different. Lalangue, being an expert on obstetrics, noticed in a very short period of time, all misfortune caused by incompetent work of then’s midwives, so he published the book “Brevis institutio de re obstetritia illiti kratek navuk od mestrie pupkorezne...”, and started first midwifery courses for peasant women. Focus of this paper is on Prof. Dr Antun Lobmayer textbook analyses, and he was the first professor of midwifery, and the director of the “Royal Midwifery School” and the “National Maternity” in Zagreb. Textbooks for midwives named “Midwifery- Learning Book for Midwives’, had six editions over 50 years and they represent the basis of Croatian midwifery textbook literature. Prof. Dr Franjo Durst, the assistant and successor of Prof. Lobmayer completed and partially revised the last two editions.Besides the biographies of the “Midwifery School” professors, an analyssis and critical review on the mentioned textbooks is given from today’ s medicine point of view.U radu je predstavljen kratak pregled primaljstva i razvoj porodiljstva u sjeverozapadnom dijelu Hrvatske od dolaska J. B. Lalangue-a u Varaždin, preko osnivanja i rada Škole za babice i Zemaljskog rodilišta u Zagrebu, do osoba bez kojih taj razvoj ne bi bio moguć ili bi bio sasvim drugačiji. Lalangue, koji je bio vrstan porodničar, primijetio je vrlo brzo sve nesreće izazvane nestručnim radom tadašnjih babica, pa je napisao i objavio knjigu “ Brevis institutio de re obstetritia illiti Kratek navuk od meštrie pupkorezne...” i započeo prve tečajeve za seoske žene. Težište samog rada je na analizi udžbenika Prof. dr. Anatuna Lobmayera, koji je bio prvi profesor porodiljstva i ravnatelj “Kraljevske babičke škole” i “Zemaljskog rodilišta” u Zagrebu. Udžbenici za babice pod nazivom “Porodiljstvo – Učevna knjiga za primalje” doživjeli su šest izdanja, za preko 50 godina i predstavljaju osnovu za primaljsku udžbeničku literaturu u Hrvatksoj. Prof. dr Franjo Durst, asistent i nasljednik Prof. dr A. Lobamyera dovršio je i dijelom revidirao posljednja dva izdanja ovog udžbenika. Pored biografija profesora “Primaljeske škole” u radu je dana analiza i kritički osvrt na spomenute udžbenike s gledišta današnje medicine

Early Christian martyrs who refused to worship the cult of Asclepius in the times of Diocletian

Pažnju teologa, povjesničara, arheologa, petrologa i drugih istraživača već stoljećima zaokuplja priča o kršćanskim mučenicima, poznata pod nazivom „Passio Sanctorum Quattuor Coronatorum“. Riječ je o hagiografskom spisu iz IV. stoljeća koji opisuje mučenje i smrt dvije grupe kršćana koji su odvojeno, jedni u Panoniji, drugi u Rimu, stradali u vrijeme velikih Dioklecijanovih progona, ne pristajući na podnošenje žrtve antičkom bogu medicine Asklepiju, rimskom Eskulapu (Aesculapius). U VI. stoljeću bazilika na brežuljku Celiju u Rimu dobila je naziv „SS. Quattuor Coronatorum“ i u nju su bile smještene relikvije ovih svetaca. U srednjem vijeku ti su sveci uživali veliku slavu i bile su im posvećene mnoge crkve i kapele u Italiji, Francuskoj, Engleskoj i Belgiji. Udruženja kamenorezaca i klesara uzela su ih za svoje patrone. Postoje brojni prijepisi Pasija, koji se čuvaju u Vatikanu, Parizu, Milanu, Veroni, Bernu i Münchenu i koji, osim martirološke priče o njima, sadrže i brojne nejasnoće u pogledu njihovih imena, vremena i prostora u kojem su živjeli i radili, pretrpjeli mučenja i bili pogubljeni. U ovoj studiji sabrani su i prikazani značajniji rezultati dosadašnjih istraživanja o ovom, još uvijek zagonetnom, hagiografskom problemu, a određeni događaji opisani u Pasiju sagledani su i protumačeni s aspekta medikohistoričara, o čemu do sada nije pisano niti su istraživanja bila usmjerena u tom pravcu.For centuries, theologists, historians, archaeologists, petrologists, and others had been nown as Passio Sanctorum Quattuor Coronatorum. It is a hagiographic manuscript from the 4th century which describes the martyrdom and death of two separate groups of Christians who suffered Diocletian’s persecution. One group lived in Pannonia and the other in Rome. They refused to offer sacrifice to the ancient god of medicine Asclepius Roman Aesculapius. In the 6th century, their relics were kept in a basilica on the Coelian Hill in Rome, named after four saint martyrs Ss. Quattuor Coronatorum. In the Middle Ages, these saints enjoyed great glory, and many churches and chapels were dedicated to them in Italy, France, England, and Belgium. Guilds of stone workers and stone cutters took them for patrons. There are many copies of the Passio, which are kept in Vatican, Paris, Milan, Verona, Bern, and Munich. Beside the martyrdom story, these copies speak about inconsistencies related to the saints’ names and place and time of the events described in the story. Our study brings together the most important findings made so far about this hagiographic mystery. Certain events described in the Passio are interpreted from the medico-historical aspect, which is a new approach to the subject

THE FIRST RECORD OF THE DELIVERY OF CONJOINED TWINS IN THE SREM COUNTY IN THE 19th CENTURY

U radu je dan prikaz prvog originalnog dokumenta o rođenju spojenih blizanaca na teritoriju današnje Vojvodine. Dokument pod brojem 1224 sastoji se od dva rukopisna arka. Na prvoj strani prvog arka nalazi se opis i crtež porođenih blizanaca. Nacrtao ih je i opisao dr Ernest Furjaković, pokrajinski liječnik u Rumi i sekundarni fizikus Sremske županije, koji je prisustvovao i rukovodio porođajem. Porođaj se dogodio u noći između 2. i 3. travnja 1852. godine u Malim Radincima, malom selu u Sremskoj županiji, nedaleko od Rume, na krajnjem jugu Habsburške monarhije. Blizance je, konzervirane u alkoholu, poslao profesoru anatomije u Pešti, „za potrebe medicinske znanosti“, kako je u izvještaju naveo. Drugi arak istog dokumenta odnosi se na potvrdu da je tadašnji Komesarijat u Rumi proslijedio doktorov izvještaj Visokoj Zemaljskoj Vladi u Temišvaru. U uvodnom dijelu rada autori su iznijeli do sada poznate podatke o pojavi spojenih blizanaca u svijetu, koji su korišteni radi uspoređivanja s prikazanim slučajem. Podaci se odnose na učestalost pojave spojenih blizanaca u populaciji, postojeće teorije o njihovom nastanku u toku embriogeneze, njihovu klasifikaciju, postupak u slučajevima dijagnosticirane trudnoće sa spojenim blizancima i načinu njihovog porođaja. Također se odnose na postupke suvremene dijagnostike, na mogućnosti njihovog kirurškog razdvajanja i etička pitanja koja ono sa sobom nosi. Slijedi segment rada koji je posvećen analizi prikazanog dokumenta, kao i uspoređenju nekolicine slučajeva najznačajnijih spojenih blizanaca u svijetu sa slučajem spojenih blizanaca iz Srema, kako su ih autori rada nazvali. Autori su prikazali i kratku biografiju liječnika koji je blizance porodio. Na koncu zaključuju da je ovim radom dat prvi prikaz dokumenta o rođenju prvih do danas poznatih spojenih blizanaca na teritoriju današnje Vojvodine.In this paper is presented the first original document of the delivery of conjoined twins on the territory of the present-day Vojvodina. The document number 1224 consists of two handwritten quires. On the first page of the first quire are a description and a drawing of the delivered twins. The delivery was described and drawn by Dr. Ernest Furjaković, a shire physician in Ruma and the secondary physicus of the Srem County, who attended and handled the delivery. The conjoined twins were delivered in the night between 2 and 3 April 1852 in Mali Radinci, a small village in the Srem County nearby Ruma, in the far south of the Habsburg Monarchy. The twins, preserved in alcohol, were sent to Budapest to the professor of anatomy „for the purposes of medical science“, as he wrote in the report. The second quire of the same document refers to the proof that the Commissariat in Ruma forwarded the doctor’s report to the High Land Government in Timisoara. In the introduction, the authors displayed the known facts on the occurrence of conjoined twins in the world, which were used to compare with the described case. The data refer to the incidence of conjoined twins in the population, theory of its embryonic origin, their classification, treatment in cases of diagnosed pregnancy and the manner of their delivery. They also refer to the procedures of modern diagnostics, the possibilities of their surgical disjoin and related ethical questions. After that comes a part of the work dedicated to the analysis of the shown document, and the comparison of the several cases of the most significant conjoined twins in the world with these from Srem, as the authors named them. The authors showed short biography of the physician who delivered them, as well. At the end, they conclude that this work gives the first description of document of the delivery of the first known conjoined twins on the territory of the present-day Vojvodina

Ekonomski efekti navodnjavanja i đubrenja u proizvodnji šećerne repe

The research of production and economic effects of irrigation to the sugarbeet and sugar growth per hectare was carried out on the carbonate humus of favourable water-physical and chemical characteristics on the location of Rimski Šančevi during the period from 2004 to 2006. The experiment was set according to the method of the Split-plot system being done in four repetitions with the usage of raindrop irrigation. During the experiment there were kept humidity soil treatments from 60 to 65% and the field water capacity (FWC) of 75-80% with a controlling variant being included. The realized profit per hectare during irrigation is 1607 $/ha and it is approximately greater of 17,6$/ha i veći je u proseku za 17,6% od proizvodnje u kontroli. Ekonomičnost pokazuje da se na jedinicu uloženog kapitala ostvauje u navodnjavanju 1, 49 jedinica prihoda ili više za 4,2% u odnosu na proizvodnju bez navodnjavanja. Rentabilnost merena iz odnosa profita i prihoda iznosi u navodnjavanju 32,8% i veća je za 6,8% od proizvodnje u kontroli. Pokazatelj produktivnosti govori da se za jednu proizvedenu tonu šećerne repe u navodnjavanju prosečno toši 1,28 časova ukupnog rada ili proizvodi šećerne repe 0,783 t/ času rada

Attitudes of Consumers from University of Novi Sad toward Advertising through Sport among the Question how Often they Participate in Sports Activities

This research was aimed at gaining relevant knowledge about the attitudes of University of Novi Sad consumers toward advertising through sport among the question how often they participate in sports activities. The sample included 168 students from Faculti of Sporth and Physical Education in Novi Sad, divided into six subsample groups: consumers who do not participate in sport activities at all, then consumers who participate in sport activities less than ones a month, next 1–4 a month, 5–10 a month, 11–20 a month, as well as consumers participate in sport activities more than 20 times a month. The sample of variables contained the system of three general attitudes which were modelled by seven-point Likert scale. The results of the measuring were analyzed by multivariate analysis (MANOVA) and univariate analysis (ANOVA) and Post Hoc test. Based on the statistical analyses it was found that significant differences occur at multivariate level, as well as between all three variables at a significance level of p=.000. Hence, it is interesting to highlight that it was found there are significant differences showed up between the consumers who participate in various sports activities. The significant differences were found in one of three variables, while the consumers who participate less than 4 times a moths had much more negative attitudes toward advertising though sport

Greater Power but Not Strength Gains Using Flywheel Versus Equivolumed Traditional Strength Training in Junior Basketball Players

The main aim of the present study was to compare the effects of flywheel strength training and traditional strength training on fitness attributes. Thirty-six well trained junior basketball players (n = 36; 17.58 ± 0.50 years) were recruited and randomly allocated into: Flywheel group (FST; n = 12), traditional strength training group (TST; n = 12) and control group (CON; n = 12). All groups attended 5 basketball practices and one official match a week during the study period. Experimental groups additionally participated in the eight-week, 1–2 d/w equivolume intervention conducted using a flywheel device (inertia = 0.075 kg·m−2) for FST or free weights (80%1 RM) for TST. Pre-to post changes in lower limb isometric strength (ISOMET), 5 and 20 m sprint time (SPR5m and SPR20m), countermovement jump height (CMJ) and change of direction ability (t-test) were assessed with analyses of variance (3 × 2 ANOVA). Significant group-by-time interaction was found for ISOMET (F = 6.40; p = 0.000), CMJ (F = 7.45; p = 0.001), SPR5m (F = 7.45; p = 0.010) and T test (F = 10.46; p = 0.000). The results showed a significantly higher improvement in CMJ (p = 0.006; 11.7% vs. 6.8%), SPR5m (p = 0.001; 10.3% vs. 5.9%) and t-test (p = 0.045; 2.4% vs. 1.5%) for FST compared to the TST group. Simultaneously, th FST group had higher improvement in ISOMET (p = 0.014; 18.7% vs. 2.9%), CMJ (p = 0.000; 11.7% vs. 0.3%), SPR5m (p = 0.000; 10.3% vs. 3.4%) and t-test (p = 0.000; 2.4% vs. 0.6%) compared to the CON group. Players from the TST group showed better results in CMJ (p = 0.006; 6.8% vs. 0.3%) and t-test (p = 0.018; 1.5% vs. 0.6%) compared to players from the CON group. No significant group-by-time interaction was found for sprint 20 m (F = 2.52; p = 0.088). Eight weeks of flywheel training (1–2 sessions per week) performed at maximum concentric intensity induces superior improvements in CMJ, 5 m sprint time and change of direction ability than equivolumed traditional weight training in well trained junior basketball players. Accordingly, coaches and trainers could be advised to use flywheel training for developing power related performance attributes in young basketball players

Energy metabolism indicators and body condition in peripartal period of alpine goats

The investigation was performed on two groups of primiparous and multiparous healthy dewormed Alpine dairy goats (25 each) during peripartal period. Blood samples were collected (jugular venipuncture) 10-15 days before and 10-15 and 30 days after the parturition into BD SST-II Advance (3.5 mL) and BD NaF 3.0 mg Na2EDTA 6.0 mg (2 mL) vacutainers, cooled and centrifuged (1500 r/min, 15 minutes and ≤1300 r/min, 10 minutes, respectively). Glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentrations in blood sera were determined using A15 automatic spectrophotometric analyzer (Biosystem, Spain). Simultaneously, body condition scoring (BCS) was performed by Villaquiran et al. (2007) method. The obtained data were analyzed by IBM SPSS statistics 21. The glucose concentration inclined to increase in both groups. Differences between glucose levels were significant (P<0.05) 15 days before and 15 days after, as well as 15 and 30 days after the parturition, and very significant (P<0.01) 15 days before and 30 days after the parturition. The BHBA blood levels significantly differed 15 days before and 30 days after and 15 and 30 days after the parturition (P<0.05). BHBA concentration peaked at week 2 postpartum, following the increase of NEFA, providing the substrate for BHBA synthesis. NEFA levels significantly (P<0.05) differed 15 days before and 15 days after the parturition. Goats’ BCS ranged from 2 to 4 and significantly depended on glucose (r=0.392; P<0.05) and BHBA (r=0.317; P<0.05) level 15 days before parturition. BCS 30 days postpartum very significantly depended on the glucose level (r=0.450; P<0.01), significantly higher than the concentration of BHBA (r=0.351; P<0.05) and NEFA concentration (r=-0.304; P<0.05). BCS 15 days before parturition did not depend on the NEFA concentration. Fifteen days after the parturition BCS did not statistically depend on the observed indicators. Obtained data suggest that knowledge of BCS and energy indicators levels may be very useful in research and practice in order to appreciate energy metabolism of pregnant and lactating dairy ruminants, particularly dairy goats. These data are poorly documented for goats, but they can reveal early pathological metabolic changes in transiting female goat organism, enabling successful prophylactic, as well as, therapeutic intervention

Spectral reflectance indices as a phenotyping tool for assessing morpho-physiological traits of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Morpho-physiological traits of wheat such as a grain weight per plant, total leaf chlorophyll content, carotenoids, relative dry matter and nitrogen content are important traits for the growth of winter wheat genotypes. However, methods to estimate these traits are laborious and destructive. Spectral reflectance indices based on combination of visible and near-infrared wavelengths such as NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), represent one of the most promising tools for application in field phenotyping with potential to provide complex information on different morpho-physiological traits of wheat. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of NDVI measurements of wheat canopy in identification of a specific growth stage in which remotely sensed data show the largest correlation with final grain yield, grain weight per plant, total leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid content, relative dry matter and nitrogen content in 29 winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. The NDVI was measured using an active hand-held sensor GreenSeeker (NTech Industries Inc., Ukiah, California, USA) and hyperspectral camera (Ximea Corp., Lakewood, CO USA) at four growth stages of wheat: full flowering (BBCH 65), medium milk (BBCH 75), early dough (BBCH 83) and fully ripe stage (BBCH 89). Overall 66 different hyperspectral NDVIs were calculated from two-band combinations between red (600-700 nm) or far red (700-740 nm) and near-infrared (756-946 nm) regions. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to explore the relationship among examined traits and NDVI measured at different growth stages of wheat. Obtained results indicate that most of observed NDVI indices showed negative correlation with the relative dry matter content at all observed growth stages. Significant positive correlations (higher than 0.6 and significant at P < 0.05) were found between the specific hyperspectral NDVIs measured at medium milk stage and grain weight per plant, total leaf chlorophyll, carotenoid and nitrogen content, as well as with final grain yield of wheat. The strong positive relationship between NDVI and examined traits found at medium milk stage suggests that this stage is the most appropriate for estimation of these traits of winter wheat in semiarid or similar wheat growing conditions. The overall results indicate that spectral reflectance tools based on combined visible and near-infrared wavelengths, such as NDVI, could be successfully applied to assess morpho-physiological traits of a large number of winter wheat genotypes in a rapid and non-destructive manner. Furthermore, although neither device appeared to have a sizeable advantage over the other, NDVI acquired by hyperspectral camera does appear to be more indicative than NDVI acquired by GreenSeeker sensor, suggesting that alternative spectral combinations can be used in assessing targeted traits of winter wheat genotypes. Abstract boo

Učestalost gojaznosti kod osoba sa smetnjama u razvoju

Introduction. The incidence of obesity is rising both in the general population and in people with developmental disabilities. The aim of the study was to examine the frequency of obesity in people with developmental disorders. So far, this topic has not been processed in any article in Serbia and, as such, is a unique attempt. Method. This cross sectional study conducted in the Center for Accommodation and Living of Children and Youth in Development in Belgrade. The study included 139 adult persons, users of the Center's services. The consent of the parents was obtained for the participation of all subjects. All users were surveyed and all anthropometric measurements were made. For questioning, using a specific questionnaire designed for the research needs filled in by the researcher. Data on demographic and physical activity were obtained using questionnaire. In order to estimate the nutrition state, anthropometric measurements were made for all users to determine: body weight, body height, waist and thickness of skin folds, and calculated Body Mass Index. The recommendation of the World Health Organization was used to assess the nutritional state. Results. The survey comprised 139 respondents, of whom 79 (56.8%) were men and 60 women (43.2%). In the examined group, there were 43.9% of subjects who had normal weight, users with overweight were 30.2% and obese 25.9%. Obesity expressed through BMI was more frequent in female subjects than male (p=0.502), and abdominal obesity (p=0.692). Physically active was 20.9% users, whereby male subjects significantly more likely to engage in physical activity than female (p=0.013). Conclusion. It is necessary to organize continuous education of people with disabilities and increase their physical activity in order to prevent obesity and promote healthy lifestyle habits.Učestalost gojaznosti je u porastu kako u opštoj populaciji tako i kod osoba sa smetnjama u razvoju. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se ispita učestalost gojaznosti kod osoba sa smetnjama u razvoju. Ova tema, do sada, nije obrađivana ni u jednom časopisu u Srbiji i, kao takva, predstavlja unikatan pokušaj. Metod. U sprovedenom istraživanju u Centru za smeštaj i dnevni boravak dece i omladine ometene u razvoju u Beogradu korišćena je studija preseka. U studiju je uključeno 139 punoletnih osoba, korisnika usluga Centra. Za učešće svih ispitanika dobijena je saglasnost roditelja. Svi korisnici su anketirani i kod svih su urađena antropometrijska merenja. Za anketiranje je korišćem specifčni upitnik konstruisan za potrebe istraživanja koji je popunjavao istraživač. Pored osnovnih demografskih podataka, anketom su prikupljeni i podaci o fzičkoj aktivnosti. U cilju procene stanja uhranjenosti, kod svih korisnika rađena su antropometrijska merenja da bi se odredila: telesna masa, telesna visina, obim struka i debljina kožnih nabora, i izračunao Indeks telesne mase. Za procenu stanja uhranjenosti korišćena je preporuka Svetske zdravstvene organizacije. Rezultati. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 139 ispitanika, od kojih je 79 (56,8%) bilo muškaraca a žena 60 (43,2%). U ispitivanoj grupi je bilo 43,9% ispitanika koji su bili normalno uhranjeni, osoba sa prekomernom telesnom masom bilo je 30,2%, a gojaznih 25,9%. Gojaznost izražena preko indeksa telesne mase bila je češća kod osoba ženskog pola (p=0,502), kao i abdominalna gojaznost (p=0,692). Fizički aktivno je 20,9% ispitanika, pri čemu su se osobe muškog pola značajno ćešće bavile fzičkom aktivnošću (p=0,013). Zaključak. Potrebno je organizovati stalnu edukaciju osoba sa smetnjama u razvoju i povećati njihovu fzičku aktivnost u cilju prevencije gojaznosti i promovisanja zdravih životnih navika