Valorization of waste oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) biomass through furfurylation

Malaysia is the biggest producer of palm oil in the world. The production generates large amounts of waste trunks which should be considered a valuable bio-feedstock rather than waste. An approach for valorization of waste oil palm biomass – especially that of low density hardly applicable in industry – through furfurylation was investigated. Furfuryl alcohol treatment resulted in great improvement in the properties of the material: 200% density gain, water absorption and thickness swelling reduced by 50% and 74%, respectively, hardness increased by 400%, as well as 3.5-fold and 7.4-fold increase, respectively, in bending strength and modulus of elasticity was observed. Alternations in physical and mechanical properties of oil palm trunk combined with aesthetic changes due to material darkening may be considered an effective approach for conversion of waste biomass to novel materials of enhanced technical value

Effect of reaction time and temperature on the properties of carbon black made from palm kernel and coconut shell

Objective: Lignocellulosic biomass derived carbon black was thermally produced from Coconut Shell (CS) and Palm Kernel Shell (PKS). The effects of carbonization conditions on the characteristics of the produced lignocellulosic derived carbon black were studied. Methodology: Carbonization was carried out between 400 and 700EC for reaction ranging between 30 and 90 min. Practically, the carbonization temperature has a more prominent impact than the carbonization reaction time used in this experiment. Results: The result showed that high temperature carbonized carbon black had higher iodine adsorption as compared to carbon black that derived from low temperature. Prolong the reaction time resulting in structural deformation, hence less surface area for adsorption. In addition, the characteristics of carbon black from CS was fairly better than PKS carbon black in terms of iodine adsorption, surface area and fixed carbon content. The carbon black derived from PKS had lower iodine adsorption due to the poor development of porosity that contained higher ash and volatile matters. Conclusion: These study serves as fundamental tool to establish ideal production routes for carbon black manufactured from lignocellulosic biomass especially in the form of nut or seed shell

Peeling of small diameter rubber log using spindleless lathe technology: evaluation of veneer properties from outer to inner radial section of log at different veneer thicknesses

Rubber forest plantation (RFP) in Malaysia was currently governed by small holders who provided lower diameter logs as they managed plantation using higher planting density, higher frequency tapping practice and young-tapping systems to enhance latex harvesting yield and fulfil demand for rubber timber. Nevertheless, these new planting systems will affect the growth of rubber tree and result in the production of smaller diameter (<20 cm) rubber logs compared to conventional planting systems. Hence, this raises the question of the small diameter log with respect to its impact on veneer quality. The aim of this study is to determine the properties of rubberwood veneers manufactured from outer to inner radial section of log at different veneer thicknesses. The rubber logs with diameter less than 20 cm were peeled up to 3 cm of peeler core to produce 1, 2 and 3 mm veneer thickness using spindleless lathe. Veneer properties such as thickness variation, lathe checks, surface roughness and contact angle were evaluated from outer to the inner radial section of log at three different veneer thicknesses. Results showed that rubber trees are suitable for peeling due to its consistent density ranging from 650 to 706 kg/m3. Better visual grades recovery can be obtained when peeling thinner rubberwood veneers. The thickness variation, lathe check depth, length and surface roughness of rubberwood veneers increased with increasing veneer thickness, whereas lathe check frequency decreased with increasing veneer thickness. In general, veneer thickness has more prominent effects on the properties of rubberwood veneer compared to the effect of log radial section

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FTIR spectra of bioadsorbent derived from CS and PKS prepared under one-stage and two-stage continuous physical activatio

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Contents of C, H, N, O and ash of the bioadsorbent (% oven-dried weight

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N2 – Adsorption isotherm for the sample at 77K for CS bioadsorben

Data from: Production of bioadsorbent from phosphoric acid pretreated palm kernel shell and coconut shell by two-stage continuous physical activation via N2 and air

In the present study, agricultural biomass; palm kernel shell (PKS) and coconut shell (CS) were used to produce high porosity bioadsorbent using two-stage continuous physical activation method with different gas carrier (air and N2) in each stage. The activation temperature was set constant at 600°C, 700°C, 800°C or 900°C for both activation stages with the heating rate of 3°C min-1. Two parameters including the gas carrier and activation temperature were determined as the significant factors on the adsorption properties of bioadsorbent. BET, SEM, FTIR, TGA, CHNS/O and ash content were used to elucidate the developed bioadsorbent prepared from PKS and CS and its capacity towards the adsorption of methylene blue and iodine. The novel process of two-stage continuous physical activation method was capable to emerge mesopores and micropores that were previously covered/clogged in nature, and simultaneously creating new pores. The synthesized bioadsorbents showed that the surface area (PKS: 456.47 m2 g-1; CS: 479.17 m2 g-1), pore size (PKS: 0.63 nm: CS: 0.62 nm) and pore volume (PKS: 0.13 cm3 g-1, CS: 0.15 cm3 g-1) were significantly higher than that of non-treated bioadsorbent. The surface morphology of the raw materials and synthesized bioadsorbent were accessed by SEM. Furthermore, the novel process meets the recent industrial adsorbent requirements such as low activation temperature, high fixed carbon content, high yield, high adsorption properties and high surface area which are the key factors for large scale production of bioadsorbent and its usage

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The surface area and pore size characterization of the prepared bioadsorben

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ANOVA for methylene blue and iodine adsorption of CS and PKS bioadsorben