Bioactivity, nutritional property, and rapid chemical characterization of aqueous extract of Annona muricata leaf from Mexico

Purpose: To investigate the bioactive and nutritional properties, as well as rapid chemical characterization of aqueous extract of Annona muricata leaf from Mexico Methods: The crude aqueous extract of A. muricata leaf was obtained by decoction. Cytotoxicity was tested against cervicouterine cancer cells (HeLa) using methyl thiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2, 2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Nutritional evaluation was carried out according to Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) procedures. Rapid qualitative chemical characterization of the extract was carried out by direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) method. Results: The aqueous extract of A. muricata leaf showed cytotoxicity against HeLa cells and also antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Nutritional analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, vitamin C, Na, and Fe in the aqueous extract. DART-MS spectra showed the presence of alkaloids and phenols as the major components. Conclusion: The cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of the aqueous extract of A. muricata leaf lend some support for its traditional uses as anti-cancer remedy. These activities are probably due to its active secondary metabolites. Thus, the aqueous extract is a source of healthy nutritional components as well as a potential anti-cancer agent for humans

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Optimization to Obtain an Extract Rich in Polyphenols from <i>Capsicum chinense</i> Leaves Using an Ultrasonic Probe

Capsicum chinense Jacq., from the Yucatan peninsula, is recognized worldwide for its pungency, flavor, and secondary metabolites content. This has resulted in an increase in its production, which has led to an increase in the number of byproducts considered waste, mainly its leaves. Capsicum chinense leaves have been demonstrated to contain polyphenols with bioactive properties (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiobesogenic capacity, etc.); hence, the extraction of polyphenols through the use of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) with a green technology, such as an ultrasonic probe, could help to revalue these leaves by maximizing the extraction efficiency and preserving their bioactive properties. The objective of this study was to optimize the composition of a eutectic solvent for obtaining an extract rich in polyphenols from the Capsicum chinense leaf using a sonic probe. The optimum conditions of the composition of NADES for obtaining the highest Antioxidant capacity (Ax, 79.71% inhibition) were a 0.8 mol glucose to 1 mol of choline chloride ratio, and 12% water. In addition, with this composition, the Total Polyphenol Content (TPC) obtained was 165.39 mg GAE/100 g dry leaf, and the individual polyphenols, such as vanillin (19.15 mg/100 g dry leaf) and ferulic acid (1.35 mg/100 g dry leaf), were optimized. The habanero pepper leaf extract obtained using a eutectic solvent and a sonic probe demonstrated a high potential for use as an ingredient in the development of nutraceuticals (i.e., functional foods)

Antioxidant Capacity, Vitamin C and Polyphenol Profile Evaluation of a Capsicum chinense By-Product Extract Obtained by Ultrasound Using Eutectic Solvent

Habanero pepper leaves and stems (by-products) have been traditionally considered waste; however, bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, vitamin C and carotenoids have been identified that can be used for formulation of nutraceuticals or functional foods. Furthermore, the extraction of these bioactive compounds by using environmentally friendly methods and solvents is desirable. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the antioxidant capacity, total polyphenol content (TPC), the phenolic profile and vitamin C content in extracts obtained from by-products (stems and leaves) of two varieties (Mayapan and Jaguar) of habanero pepper by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). The results showed that NADES leads to extracts with significantly higher TPC, higher concentrations of individual polyphenols (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid), vitamin C and, finally, higher antioxidant capacity (9.55 &plusmn; 0.02 eq mg Trolox/g DM) than UAE extraction performed with methanol as the solvent. The association of individual polyphenols with NADES was confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA). Overall, NADES is an innovative and promising &ldquo;green&rdquo; extraction technique that can be applied successfully for the extraction of phenolic compounds from habanero pepper by-products

Enzymatic Crosslinked Hydrogels of Gelatin and Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Loaded with Probiotic Bacteria as Oral Delivery System

Probiotic bacteria are widely used to prepare pharmaceutical products and functional foods because they promote and sustain health. Nonetheless, probiotic viability is prone to decrease under gastrointestinal conditions. In this investigation, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum spp. CM-CNRG TB98 was entrapped in a gelatin&ndash;poly (vinyl alcohol) (Gel&ndash;PVA) hydrogel which was prepared by a &ldquo;green&rdquo; route using microbial transglutaminase (mTGase), which acts as a crosslinking agent. The hydrogel was fully characterized and its ability to entrap and protect L. plantarum from the lyophilization process and under simulated gastric and intestine conditions was explored. The Gel&ndash;PVA hydrogel showed a high probiotic loading efficiency (&gt;90%) and survivability from the lyophilization process (91%) of the total bacteria entrapped. Under gastric conditions, no disintegration of the hydrogel was observed, keeping L. plantarum protected with a survival rate of &gt;94%. While in the intestinal fluid the hydrogel is completely dissolved, helping to release probiotics. A Gel&ndash;PVA hydrogel is suitable for a probiotic oral administration system due to its physicochemical properties, lack of cytotoxicity, and the protection it offers L. plantarum under gastric conditions

Use of Pleurotus ostreatus to Enhance the Oxidative Stability of Pork Patties during Storage and In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion

Lipid and protein oxidation are the major causes of meat quality deterioration. Edible mushrooms have been proposed as a strategy to prevent quality deterioration during cold storage. This study aimed to assess the effects of Pleurotus ostreatus powder (POP) on the oxidative stability of pork patties during cold storage and after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (ivGD). Pork patties were subjected to four treatments: control (without antioxidant), T1 (2% POP, w/w) and T2 (5% POP, w/w), and T3 as positive control (0.02% BHT, fat basis). POP aqueous, ethanolic, and aqueous ethanol extract were subjected to phytochemical and antioxidant assays. Raw pork patties were subjected to a chemical proximate composition evaluation. At the same time, raw and cooked pork patties were stored at 2 &deg;C for 9 days and subjected to meat quality measurements. Furthermore, the total antioxidant activity of cooked pork patties was determined after ivGD. Results showed that POP ethanol extract showed the highest polysaccharide, phenol, and flavonoid content, as well as antiradical and reducing power properties. POP incorporation into raw and cooked pork patties enhances meat quality traits, including pH, water-holding capacity, cooking-loss weight, texture, color, lipid, and protein oxidation (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, incorporating POP into cooked samples increases the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity during ivGD. In conclusion, POP has great potential as a natural antioxidant for meat products

Estratégias didáticas no ensino-aprendizagem: atividades lúdicas e feedback no estudo conceitual de química em alunos da Escola Preparatória de Atotonilco, México

In this article is described the development of a cycle beginning activity in Chemistry 1 subject. In it, are evaluated two experimental factors, ludic and feedback, and the effect that these exercises on the academic performance of students from the Escuela Preparatoria Regional de Atotonilco. The aim is to design, apply and evaluate a teaching-learning strategy that enables the students to appropriate the concepts and terms that are analyzed in this science and for this purpose it is proposed that they conduct the search for a package containing a cut reading in fragments. Once they locate the package, as a team, they must structure the reading and make a conceptual map from it. In a subsequent session, the teacher makes a feedback about the reading and the conceptual map and later a questionnaire is applied to each individual to evaluate the level of achievement of the thematic contents. The obtained data were introduced in an analysis of variance for an experimental design with two factors, ludic and feedback. The results show that the application of these factors is advisable, since in the treated groups the understanding of thematic contents was better, with respect to when it was not applied. With the ludic was achieved an increase in the scores students of around 30 points, while achieving an increase of approximately 15 points when the feedback is applied.En este artículo se describe una actividad de inicio de ciclo en la unidad de aprendizaje Química I. Se evalúa la influencia que dos factores experimentales, lúdica y retroalomentación, ejercen en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de la Escuela Preparatoria Regional de Atotonilco. La finalidad es diseñar, aplicar y evaluar una estrategia de enseñanza-aprendizaje que logre que el educando se apropie de los conceptos y términos que en esta ciencia se abordan. Para ello se propone que busquen  un paquete conteniendo una lectura  fragmentada. Una vez que localizan el paquete, en equipo, deben estructurar la lectura y realizar un mapa conceptual a partir de la misma. A continuación el profesor retroalimenta el contenido temático y posteriormente se aplica un cuestionario a cada individuo para evaluar el nivel de aprovechamiento de los contenidos temáticos. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron en un diseño experimental con dos factores, lúdica y retroalimentación. Los resultados muestran que estos factores incrementan el aprovechamiento de los contenidos temáticos. Con la lúdica los estudiantes incrementaron sus calificaciones alrededor de 30 puntos, mientras que se logra un aumento de aproximadamente 15 puntos cuando se aplica la retroalimentación.Este artigo descreve um começo ciclo de atividade em aprender Unidade de Química I. influência é avaliada dois fatores experimentais, lúdicas e retroalomentación ter sobre o desempenho acadêmico dos estudantes Escuela Preparatoria Regional de Atotonilco. O objetivo é projetar, implementar e avaliar uma estratégia de ensino e aprendizagem que atinge o aluno apropriar-se conceitos e termos que são abordadas nesta ciência. Propõe-se a buscar um pacote contendo uma leitura fragmentada. Depois de localizar a equipe pacote, eles são estruturados leitura e fazer um mapa conceitual a partir dele. Em seguida, o professor alimenta o conteúdo temático e, posteriormente, um questionário se aplica a cada indivíduo para avaliar o nível de realização do conteúdo temático. Os dados obtidos foram analisados num desenho experimental com dois factores, lúdico e feedback. Os resultados mostram que esses fatores aumentam o uso de conteúdo temática. Com estudantes brincalhões aumentou sua pontuação cerca de 30 pontos, enquanto um aumento de cerca de 15 pontos é alcançado quando o feedback é aplicado

Estrategias didácticas en la enseñanza-aprendizaje: lúdica y retroalimentación en el estudio de Química conceptual en alumnos de la Escuela Preparatoria Regional de Atotonilco.

In this article is described the development of a cycle beginning activity in Chemistry 1 subject. In it, are evaluated two experimental factors, ludic and feedback, and the effect that these exercises on the academic performance of students from the Escuela Preparatoria Regional de Atotonilco. The aim is to design, apply and evaluate a teaching-learning strategy that enables the students to appropriate the concepts and terms that are analyzed in this science and for this purpose it is proposed that they conduct the search for a package containing a cut reading in fragments. Once they locate the package, as a team, they must structure the reading and make a conceptual map from it. In a subsequent session, the teacher makes a feedback about the reading and the conceptual map and later a questionnaire is applied to each individual to evaluate the level of achievement of the thematic contents. The obtained data were introduced in an analysis of variance for an experimental design with two factors, ludic and feedback. The results show that the application of these factors is advisable, since in the treated groups the understanding of thematic contents was better, with respect to when it was not applied. With the ludic was achieved an increase in the scores students of around 30 points, while achieving an increase of approximately 15 points when the feedback is applied.Este artigo descreve um começo ciclo de atividade em aprender Unidade de Química I. influência é avaliada dois fatores experimentais, lúdicas e retroalomentación ter sobre o desempenho acadêmico dos estudantes Escuela Preparatoria Regional de Atotonilco. O objetivo é projetar, implementar e avaliar uma estratégia de ensino e aprendizagem que atinge o aluno apropriar-se conceitos e termos que são abordadas nesta ciência. Propõe-se a buscar um pacote contendo uma leitura fragmentada. Depois de localizar a equipe pacote, eles são estruturados leitura e fazer um mapa conceitual a partir dele. Em seguida, o professor alimenta o conteúdo temático e, posteriormente, um questionário se aplica a cada indivíduo para avaliar o nível de realização do conteúdo temático. Os dados obtidos foram analisados num desenho experimental com dois factores, lúdico e feedback. Os resultados mostram que esses fatores aumentam o uso de conteúdo temática. Com estudantes brincalhões aumentou sua pontuação cerca de 30 pontos, enquanto um aumento de cerca de 15 pontos é alcançado quando o feedback é aplicado.En este artículo se describe una actividad de inicio de ciclo en la unidad de aprendizaje Química I. Se evalúa la influencia que dos factores experimentales, lúdica y retroalomentación, ejercen en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de la Escuela Preparatoria Regional de Atotonilco. La finalidad es diseñar, aplicar y evaluar una estrategia de enseñanza-aprendizaje que logre que el educando se apropie de los conceptos y términos que en esta ciencia se abordan. Para ello se propone que busquen  un paquete conteniendo una lectura  fragmentada. Una vez que localizan el paquete, en equipo, deben estructurar la lectura y realizar un mapa conceptual a partir de la misma. A continuación el profesor retroalimenta el contenido temático y posteriormente se aplica un cuestionario a cada individuo para evaluar el nivel de aprovechamiento de los contenidos temáticos. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron en un diseño experimental con dos factores, lúdica y retroalimentación. Los resultados muestran que estos factores incrementan el aprovechamiento de los contenidos temáticos. Con la lúdica los estudiantes incrementaron sus calificaciones alrededor de 30 puntos, mientras que se logra un aumento de aproximadamente 15 puntos cuando se aplica la retroalimentación