Trajectories of social and economic outcomes and problem gambling risk in Australia

Researchers are increasingly recognising the importance of longitudinal data in providing valuable information on individuals to better understand gambling behaviour, trajectories, risks and consequences. However, relatively few longitudinal surveys have a significant focus on gambling. This paper makes use of a longitudinal data source that has, for the first time, included questions on gambling behaviour in Australia: the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. The HILDA survey included gambling questions for the first time in 2015 (wave 15). Although the HILDA survey currently provides data on gambling at a single point in time, there are data on the individuals back to 2001, in most cases. This paper uses selected social, economic and health variables, and analyses their trajectories over time across the gambling risk categories measured in 2015. The paper explores economic variables (household income, employment, qualifications, financial hardship, risk and stress) and selected social variables (life satisfaction, psychological distress, alcohol intake and smoking) from multiple HILDA waves. The analysis clearly shows that problem gamblers experience significantly worse outcomes than those without gambling problems, and poor outcomes go back a number of years. In a number of cases, outcomes are becoming progressively poorer, which may suggest either increasingly risky gambling behaviour or the cumulative effects of a sustained period of problem gambling. Low- and moderate-risk gamblers have better economic, social and health outcomes than problem gamblers, but, in most cases, worse outcomes than those without gambling-related problems. Again, these differences go back a number of years. Exploring these particular variables in respect of problem gambling risk provides insights that may inform prevention and early intervention strategies to reduce gambling harm

Facilitated Processing of Visual Stimuli Associated with the Body

Recent work on tactile perception has revealed enhanced tactile acuity and speeded spatial-choice reaction times (RTs) when viewing the stimulated body site as opposed to viewing a neutral object. Here we examine whether this body-view enhancement effect extends to visual targets. Participants performed a speeded spatial discrimination between two lights attached either to their own left index finger or to a wooden finger-shaped object, making a simple distal–proximal decision. We filmed either the finger-mounted or the object-mounted lights in separate experimental blocks and the live scene was projected onto a screen in front of the participants. Thus, participants responded to identical visual targets varying only in their context: on the body or not. Results revealed a large performance advantage for the finger-mounted stimuli: reaction times were substantially reduced, while discrimination accuracy was unaffected. With this finding we address concerns associated with previous work on the processing of stimuli attributed to the self and extend the finding of a performance advantage for such stimuli to vision. </jats:p

An analysis of the action of 530 – 950nm intense pulsed light on the global severity & inflammatory markers in mild to moderate acne vulgaris

Despite many studies on the action of yellow light in acne, it is still unclear whether it improves inflammatory acne or has photoimmunologic activity against pro-inflammatory pathways like toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and its down-stream cytokines e.g. TNF-α. This work sought to determine whether 530 nm IPL could cause a clinical improvement in acne and if its photo-mechanism of action involved modifications of the expressions of TLR2, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-8. Twenty-eight adult patients with mild to moderate acne vulgaris involving their backs received four 530-950 nm IPL treatments at two-week intervals. Assessments performed at baseline and one week after the final IPL session included inflamed and non-inflamed lesion counts, Leeds assessments and sebum excretion rate (SER). Biopsies within the treatment area were taken at these two time points and two days after the first irradiation. TLR2 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry and TaqMan® Low Density Arrays were used to measure changes in expression of TNF-α, TNFR, IL-8 and IL-10. The data from 21 patients was included in the final clinical analyses. Inflamed lesions fell significantly by 28.0% (p = 0.002), but was not associated with significant changes in the Leeds score, SER or non-inflamed lesions. TNF-α expression fell by 17.6% (p = 0.031) at the end of therapy, and appeared to correlate with the percentage change in lesion counts in the subjects evaluated. TLR2 expression fell by 2.6% (p < 0.001) a week after the final irradiation, but bore no relationship to lesion counts. Neither IL-10 nor IL-8 was significantly affected. Though 530nm IPL significantly reduces inflammatory lesions, treatment efficacy will have to be improved to make it a viable treatment option. Its mechanism seems to include an anti-TNF-α effect, independent of IL-10 up-regulation. This is a novel mechanism, not been previously described for 530nm IPL. Updated hypotheses are suggested in order to explore this phenomenon further

An Assessment of Funding and Other Capacity Needs for Health Equity Programming Within State-Level Chronic Disease Programs

Background: Chronic diseases are an important contributor to morbidity and mortality among racial/ethnic minority, low-income, and other under-resourced populations. Given that state health departments (and their chronic disease programs) play a significant role in providing population and preventive health services, their capacity to promote health equity is an important consideration in national efforts to address chronic diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine capacity needs of state chronic disease programs with respect to promoting health equity. Methods: In 2015, the National Association of Chronic Disease Directors (NACDD) conducted a survey of its members that work within a state chronic disease division (CDD) or the larger state health department. The survey was structured to provide information on major funding sources for chronic diseases, the extent to which key funders required a focus on health equity, dedicated staffing for health equity, and training and technical assistance needs of practitioners to support health equity integration in chronic disease programming. All data were analyzed using SPSS 19.0. Findings: A total of 147 chronic disease directors and practitioners responded to the survey from 43 states, the District of Columbia and three of the U.S. Affiliated Territories and Commonwealths. Forty-two percent (N=25) of the 59 directors of state, territorial and tribal chronic disease programs at the time of the study responded. Only 52% of respondents believed their CDD adequately addressed health inequities. Among the 70 respondents who did not know or did not believe their health departments adequately addressed health inequities, barriers identified include insufficient funding (62%), inadequate training (54%), and health inequities not being a priority (22%). Respondents also identified opportunities to strengthen funding requirements to address health disparities Conclusions: Overall, the data highlight some opportunities to enhance the capacity of state CDDs to promote health equity, such as through more direct funding requirements for health equity integration, staff training, increased funding, and specialized technical assistance. Because the response rate was less than 100%, we cannot generalize the findings to every state chronic disease program. However, the responses are relatable to their collective experience

Mendelian randomisation identifies priority groups for prophylactic EBV vaccination

BACKGROUND: Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infects ~ 95% of the population worldwide and is known to cause adverse health outcomes such as Hodgkin’s, non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, and multiple sclerosis. There is substantial interest and investment in developing infection-preventing vaccines for EBV. To effectively deploy such vaccines, it is vital that we understand the risk factors for infection. Why particular individuals do not become infected is currently unknown. The current literature, describes complex, often conflicting webs of intersecting factors—sociodemographic, clinical, genetic, environmental-, rendering causality difficult to decipher. We aimed to use Mendelian randomization (MR) to overcome the issues posed by confounding and reverse causality to determine the causal risk factors for the acquisition of EBV. METHODS: We mapped the complex evidence from the literature prior to this study factors associated with EBV serostatus (as a proxy for infection) into a causal diagram to determine putative risk factors for our study. Using data from the UK Biobank of 8422 individuals genomically deemed to be of white British ancestry between the ages of 40 and 69 at recruitment between the years 2006 and 2010, we performed a genome wide association study (GWAS) of EBV serostatus, followed by a Two Sample MR to determine which putative risk factors were causal. RESULTS: Our GWAS identified two novel loci associated with EBV serostatus. In MR analyses, we confirmed shorter time in education, an increase in number of sexual partners, and a lower age of smoking commencement, to be causal risk factors for EBV serostatus. CONCLUSIONS: Given the current interest and likelihood of a future EBV vaccine, these factors can inform vaccine development and deployment strategies by completing the puzzle of causality. Knowing these risk factors allows identification of those most likely to acquire EBV, giving insight into what age to vaccinate and who to prioritise when a vaccine is introduced

Robustness to systematics for future dark energy probes

We extend the Figure of Merit formalism usually adopted to quantify the statistical performance of future dark energy probes to assess the robustness of a future mission to plausible systematic bias. We introduce a new robustness Figure of Merit which can be computed in the Fisher Matrix formalism given arbitrary systematic biases in the observable quantities. We argue that robustness to systematics is an important new quantity that should be taken into account when optimizing future surveys. We illustrate our formalism with toy examples, and apply it to future type Ia supernova (SNIa) and baryonic acoustic oscillation (BAO) surveys. For the simplified systematic biases that we consider, we find that SNIa are a somewhat more robust probe of dark energy parameters than the BAO. We trace this back to a geometrical alignement of systematic bias direction with statistical degeneracy directions in the dark energy parameter space.Comment: Added clarifications following referee report, main results unchanged. Matched version accepted by MNRA

Modelling Identity Disturbance: A Network Analysis of the Personality Structure Questionnaire (PSQ)

Due to the relevance of identity disturbance to personality disorder this study sought to complete a network analysis of a well validated measure of identity disturbance; the personality structure questionnaire (PSQ). A multi-site and cross-national methodology created an overall sample of N = 1549. The global network structure of the PSQ was analysed and jointly estimated networks were compared across four subsamples (UK versus Italy, adults versus adolescents, clinical versus community and complex versus common presenting problems). Stability analyses assessed the robustness of identified networks. Results indicated that PSQ3 (unstable sense of self) and PSQ5 (mood variability) were the most central items in the global network structure. Network structures significantly differed between the UK and Italy. Centrality of items was largely consistent across subsamples. This study provides evidence of the potential network structure of identity disturbance and so guides clinicians in targeting interventions facilitating personality integration

Clinical and Experimental Studies of a Novel P525R FUS Mutation in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Objective: To describe the clinical features of a novel fused in sarcoma (FUS) mutation in a young adult female amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patient with rapid progression of weakness and to experimentally validate the consequences of the P525R mutation in cellular neuronal models. Methods: We conducted sequencing of genomic DNA from the index patient and her family members. Immunocytochemistry was performed in various cellular models to determine whether the newly identified P525R mutant FUS protein accumulated in cytoplasmic inclusions. Clinical features of the index patient were compared with 19 other patients with ALS carrying the P525L mutation in the same amino acid position. Results: A novel mutation c.1574C\u3eG (p.525P\u3eR) in the in the FUS gene was identified in the index patient. The clinical symptoms are similar to those in familial ALS patients with the P525L mutation at the same position. The P525R mutant FUS protein showed cytoplasmic localization and formed large stress granule–like cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple cellular models. Conclusions: The clinical features of the patient and the cytoplasmic inclusions of the P525R mutant FUS protein strengthen the notion that mutations at position 525 of the FUS protein result in a coherent phenotype characterized by juvenile or young adult onset, rapid progression, variable positive family history, and female preponderance