Retrofitting Educators Through Sheltered Instruction Training: A Longitudinal Case Study Examining the Efficacy of a Five-year District-wide Intervention Effort

This dissertation examines the impact of a district-wide professional development initiative to foster equitable pedagogies and practices for emergent bilingual students. The initiative spanned five years, 2012-2017, across one of the largest school districts in the Northeast. This quasi-experimental, mixed methods case study was conducted across twelve schools to investigate the efficacy of a sheltered instruction professional development program in three areas: 1) teacher learning and knowledge about sheltered instructional practices (n=1457) and application of the newly learned practices (n=70), 2) student learner outcomes, as measured by a standardized assessment, through three cohorts of third through eighth graders (n=457) and teachers (n=144). Parameters for the three teacher cohorts are defined by levels of professional development completed. All educators throughout the district completed an Initial training, consisting of 15 hours of instruction. A smaller group of educators completed an Advanced training, comprised of 25 hours of instruction with a job embedded component. Lastly, this study synthesizes teachers’ voices that call for specific administrative shifts and supports to effectively implement sheltered practices in the classroom. Student data (n=457) and teacher survey responses (n=1943) were analyzed to forward the conversation about evaluation and sustainability of professional development workshops. Based upon the examination of standardized assessment data, no statistically significant effects were found in the performance of classrooms whose teachers completed 0, 15 or 45 hours of professional development. However, data from teachers surveyed who completed minimally fifteen hours of training illuminated the challenges of using standardized assessments and the lack of district support to effectively implement sheltered strategies. Additionally, teacher surveys highlighted the need for instructional guidance, resources and administrative support required to effect change in implementing and sustaining sheltered pedagogies and practices. In summary, this dissertation study engages with three lines of inquiry by, 1) examining educational equity for emergent bilinguals by (re)defining academic language and access to meaningful instruction, 2) investigating the efficacy of a professional development program aligned with pedagogically sound practices that cultivate language, community and academic achievement, and 3) advocating for alternative approaches in supporting teachers and leadership that engage dual language learners in high quality learning experiences

Estudo maturacional da via auditiva em prematuros nascidos pequenos para a idade gestacional

PURPOSE:To follow up the maturation of the auditory pathway in preterm infants small for gestational age (SGA), through the study of absolute and interpeak latencies of auditory brainstem response (ABR) in the first six months of age.METHODS:This multicentric prospective cross-sectional and longitudinal study assessed 76 newborn infants, 35 SGA and 41 appropriate for gestational age (AGA), born between 33 and 36 weeks in the first evaluation. The ABR was carried out in three moments (neonatal period, three months and six months). Twenty-nine SGA and 33 AGA (62 infants), between 51 and 54 weeks (corrected age), returned for the second evaluation. In the third evaluation, 49 infants (23 SGA and 26 AGA), with age range from 63 to 65 weeks (corrected age), were assessed. The bilateral presence of Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions and normal tympanogram were inclusion criteria.RESULTS:It was found interaural symmetry in both groups. The comparison between the two groups throughout the three periods studied showed no significant differences in the ABR parameters, except for the latencies of wave III in the period between three and six months. As for the maturation with tone burst 0.5 and 1 kHz, it was found that the groups did not differ.CONCLUSION:The findings suggest that, in the premature infants, the maturational process of the auditory pathway occurs in a similar rate for SGA and AGA. These results also suggest that prematurity is a more relevant factor for the maturation of the auditory pathway than birth weight.OBJETIVO:Acompanhar a maturação da via auditiva em recém-nascidos prematuros pequenos para a idade gestacional (PIG), por meio do estudo das latências absolutas e interpicos do potencial evocado auditivo de tronco encefálico (PEATE) nos primeiros seis meses de idade.MÉTODOS:Estudo transversal e longitudinal prospectivo multicêntrico, que avaliou 76 recém-nascidos, 35 PIG e 41 adequados para a idade gestacional (AIG), nascidos entre 27 e 36 semanas de gestação na primeira avaliação. O PEATE foi realizado em três momentos (período neonatal, três meses e seis meses). Retornaram para a segunda avaliação 29 PIG e 33 AIG (62 lactentes), entre 51 e 54 semanas (idade corrigida). Na terceira, retornaram 49 lactentes (23 PIG e 26 AIG), com faixa etária de 63 a 65 semanas (idade corrigida). Foi critério de inclusão a presença bilateral de emissões otoacústicas evocadas por estímulo transiente e curva timpanométrica normal.RESULTADOS:Verificou-se simetria interaural nos dois grupos. A comparação entre os dois grupos ao longo dos três períodos estudados não mostrou diferenças relevantes nos parâmetros do PEATE, exceto para as latências da onda III no período entre os três e seis meses. Quanto ao processo maturacional com tone burst 0,5 e 1 kHz, verificou-se que os grupos não se diferenciaram.CONCLUSÃO:Os resultados sugerem que, nos prematuros, o processo de maturação da via auditiva ocorre em tempo similar em PIG e AIG. Também sugerem que a prematuridade é um fator de maior relevância para a maturação da via auditiva que o fator peso ao nascer.Universidade de São Paulo School of MedicineUniversidade de São Paulo School of Medicine Department of PediatricsUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Department of PediatricsUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Department of Speech-Language Pathology and AudiologyUniversidade de São Paulo School of Medicine Department of Physical Therapy, Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, and Occupational TherapyUNIFESP, Department of PediatricsUNIFESP, Department of Speech-Language Pathology and AudiologySciEL

Estudo eletrofisiológico longitudinal da via auditiva em crianças nascidas a termo e pequenas para a idade gestacional

PURPOSE:To follow the maturation of the auditory pathway of infants born small for gestational age term, by studying absolute and interpeak latencies of Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) in the first six months of life.METHODS:Multicentric prospective longitudinal study. The ABR was carried out in the neonatal period in 96 newborn infants, 49 small for gestational age (SGA) and 47 appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Of these, 77 infants (39 SGA and 38 AGA) returned for a second evaluation. In the third evaluation, 70 infants (35 SGA and 35 AGA) returned.RESULTS:SGA and AGA did not present significant differences in the neonatal period and at three months of life. However, at six months, there was statistical significant difference between SGA and AGA groups for the latencies of wave III and interpeak I-III. Latencies of ABR waves decreased more rapidly in the first three months than the third to the sixth month of life for the SGA. AGA group showed progressive decrease in latency of ABR waves during the six months.CONCLUSION:The findings suggest that, for SGA infants, the maturational process of the auditory pathway occurs in different rate when compared to AGA infants. The SGA infants have faster maturation especially at the first three months of life, while in infants AGA, this process occurred in a constant and gradual way throughout the six months studied.OBJETIVO:Acompanhar a maturação da via auditiva de lactentes nascidos a termo pequenos para a idade gestacional, por meio do estudo das latências absolutas e interpicos do Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Tronco Encefálico (PEATE) nos primeiros seis meses de vida.MÉTODOS:Estudo multicêntrico prospectivo longitudinal. PEATE realizado no período neonatal em 96 recém-nascidos, 49 pequenos para a idade gestacional (PIG) e 47 adequados para a idade gestacional (AIG). Destes, 77 lactentes (39 PIG e 38 AIG) retornaram para a segunda avaliação. Na terceira avaliação, retornaram 70 lactentes (35 PIG e 35 AIG).RESULTADOS:PIG e AIG não apresentaram diferenças significativas no período neonatal e aos três meses de vida. Aos seis meses, houve diferença estatística entre os grupos PIG e AIG para a onda III e interpico I-III. Latências das ondas do PEATE diminuíram mais rapidamente nos primeiros três meses que do terceiro para o sexto mês de vida para o grupo PIG. O grupo AIG mostrou diminuição progressiva da latência das ondas do PEATE durante os seis meses.CONCLUSÃO:Os resultados sugerem que a maturação da via auditiva nos PIG ocorre em ritmo diferente quando comparada aos AIG. Os PIG têm maturação mais rápida, especialmente nos três primeiros meses de vida; nas crianças AIG, esse processo ocorreu de modo constante e gradual ao longo dos seis meses estudados.Universidade de São PauloUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)UNIFESPSciEL

Electrophysiological characterization of hearing in small for gestational age premature infants

PURPOSE: To characterize the Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) of small for gestational age preterm newborns and to compare the findings to those of appropriate for gestational age premature newborns in order to verify whether the small for gestational age condition is a risk factor for hearing loss. METHODS: This prospective cross-sectional multicenter study evaluated 72 preterm newborns of both genders (35 small and 37 appropriate for gestational age), who were born at 30 to 36 weeks of gestational age and were evaluated before hospital discharge. Only newborns with present transient evoked otoacoustic emissions and tympanometry type A were included. The ABR was performed with click stimuli. The quantitative data analysis was performed using mean and standard deviation measures for each group. For qualitative analysis, the ABR results were classified as normal or altered according to the absolute latencies of waves I, III, V and interpeaks I-III, III-V, I-V. The analysis was carried out considering the age of the newborn at the time of examination. RESULTS: Alterations were evident in 32 newborns (44.44%), being 15 small (43%) and 17 appropriate for gestational age (46%), with no between-groups difference. Of the 15 small for gestational age newborns with altered ABR, six presented as auditory risk only the small for gestational age condition. In the group of adequate for gestational age newborns, there was a higher occurrence of alteration in males. CONCLUSION: There was no difference in responses of auditory evoked potential between small and appropriate for gestational age preterm newborns. Therefore, the condition does not behave as a risk factor for retrocochlear impairment.OBJETIVO: Caracterizar as respostas do Potencial Evocado Auditivo de Tronco Encefálico em recém-nascidos pré-termo pequenos para idade gestacional, comparando-as às de recém-nascidos pré-termo adequados para idade gestacional, verificando se a condição de pequeno para a idade gestacional é indicador de risco para alteração auditiva retrococlear. MÉTODOS: Estudo multicêntrico transversal prospectivo. Avaliou-se 72 recém-nascidos pré-termo, 35 pequenos e 37 adequados para idade gestacional de ambos os gêneros, com idade gestacional de 30 a 36 semanas e avaliados na pré-alta hospitalar, com presença de emissões otoacústicas evocadas por estímulo transiente e timpanometria tipo A. A análise quantitativa dos dados foi feita baseada na média e desvio-padrão das latências das ondas I, III, V e interpicos I-III, III-V, I-V para cada grupo. Para análise qualitativa, os resultados dos potenciais evocados auditivos foram classificados em alterado ou normal mediante a análise das latências absolutas das ondas I, III, V e dos interpicos I-III, III-V, I-V, considerando-se a faixa etária no momento do exame. RESULTADOS: Evidenciaram-se alterações em 32 crianças (44,44% do total), sendo 15 recém-nascidos pequenos (43%) e 17 adequados (46%), não havendo diferença entre os grupos. Dos 15 recém-nascidos pequenos com potencial evocado auditivo alterado, seis tiveram como risco auditivo apenas o fato de ser pequeno para a idade gestacional. No grupo adequado para idade gestacional, houve maior ocorrência de alterações no gênero masculino. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve diferença nas respostas do potencial evocado auditivo entre os recém-nascidos pré-termo pequenos e adequados, de forma que a condição pequeno não se revelou risco para alteração retrococlear.Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de Fisioterapia, Fonoaudiologia e Terapia OcupacionalUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de FonoaudiologiaUniversidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de PediatriaUNIFESP, Depto. de Fonoaudiologia, UNIFESP, Depto. de PediatriaSciEL

Twenty questions about design behavior for sustainability, report of the International Expert Panel on behavioral science for design

How behavioral scientists, engineers, and architects can work together to advance how we all understand and practice design—in order to enhance sustainability in the built environment, and beyond.https://www.nature.com/documents/design_behavior_for_sustainability.pdfPublished versio

Investigaciones en ciencias humanas y sociales : del ABC disciplinar a la reflexión metodológica

Diversidad de objetos, variedad de enfoques, prácticas disciplinares y multidisciplinares, y ejemplos de ejecución de proyectos de investigación y desarrollo son los rasgos distintivos de los siete capítulos que integran esta obra. En ellos se recoge el material desplegado en los Seminarios-Talleres de Metodología de la Investigación en Humanidades que se realizaron en el marco de las V Jornadas de Investigación de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo en setiembre de 2004: estudios sobre procesos sociales, cuestiones educativas, geográficas, históricas, lingüísticas y literarias. Algunos capítulos han mantenido el estilo y formato característicos del contexto de los seminarios-talleres, a veces con ligeras modificaciones; otros han sido enteramente reescritos para la convocatoria de esta publicación. Este libro refleja entonces abordajes disciplinares y pluridisciplinares diversos a problemáticas igualmente variadas. Por tratarse de propuestas orientadas a y/o basadas en seminarios-talleres, está claro que los autores involucrados no pueden abarcar todos los aspectos de los objetos de estudio respectivos. Sin embargo, la idea es al menos brindar algún punto de vista sobre el estadio de desarrollo de algunas de las investigaciones actualmente en ejecución en nuestra Facultad

Acute Delta Hepatitis in Italy spanning three decades (1991–2019): Evidence for the effectiveness of the hepatitis B vaccination campaign

Updated incidence data of acute Delta virus hepatitis (HDV) are lacking worldwide. Our aim was to evaluate incidence of and risk factors for acute HDV in Italy after the introduction of the compulsory vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in 1991. Data were obtained from the National Surveillance System of acute viral hepatitis (SEIEVA). Independent predictors of HDV were assessed by logistic-regression analysis. The incidence of acute HDV per 1-million population declined from 3.2 cases in 1987 to 0.04 in 2019, parallel to that of acute HBV per 100,000 from 10.0 to 0.39 cases during the same period. The median age of cases increased from 27 years in the decade 1991-1999 to 44 years in the decade 2010-2019 (p < .001). Over the same period, the male/female ratio decreased from 3.8 to 2.1, the proportion of coinfections increased from 55% to 75% (p = .003) and that of HBsAg positive acute hepatitis tested for by IgM anti-HDV linearly decreased from 50.1% to 34.1% (p < .001). People born abroad accounted for 24.6% of cases in 2004-2010 and 32.1% in 2011-2019. In the period 2010-2019, risky sexual behaviour (O.R. 4.2; 95%CI: 1.4-12.8) was the sole independent predictor of acute HDV; conversely intravenous drug use was no longer associated (O.R. 1.25; 95%CI: 0.15-10.22) with this. In conclusion, HBV vaccination was an effective measure to control acute HDV. Intravenous drug use is no longer an efficient mode of HDV spread. Testing for IgM-anti HDV is a grey area requiring alert. Acute HDV in foreigners should be monitored in the years to come