65 research outputs found

    Evolution des interactions plantes-pollinisateurs chez les aracées : contraintes phylogénétiques et écologiques

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    Cette thèse a pour but d'explorer certaines contraintes pesant sur l'évolution des traits floraux, à travers l'évolution des interactions plantes-pollinisateurs chez une famille de plantes, les Aracées. Ainsi, dans une première partie, les contraintes phylogénétiques influant sur l'évolution des interactions Aracées-pollinisateurs ont été étudiées à l'échelle de la famille des Aracées, par une reconstruction des traits floraux ancestraux. Des méthodes corrélatives ont permis de mettre en évidence certains traits floraux ayant évolué en association avec les modalités de pollinisation, et donc constituant des indices de pressions de sélection exercées par les insectes pollinisateurs sur ces traits floraux. A l'inverse, la reconstruction ancestrale des traits floraux et des modalités de pollinisation a pu mettre en évidence certains traits qui ont pu être pré-requis à l'apparition de certains modes de pollinisation actuels. Dans la deuxième partie, les contraintes écologiques pesant sur l'évolution d'un trait floral, l'odeur attractive des inflorescences, ont été étudiés à l'échelle de la population chez deux espèces d'Arum d'Europe partageant des pollinisateurs, mais avec des degrés de spécificité différents. L'étude des variations géographiques de l'odeur et des pollinisateurs de ces deux espèces a mis en évidence des " stratégies " de pollinisation différentes selon le degré de spécificité. Par ailleurs, l'étude d'un site présentant des hybrides peu ou pas fertiles, donc contre sélectionnés, a montré que l'odeur attractive pouvait aussi jouer un rôle dans l'isolement reproducteur et l'évitement de l'exclusion compétitive entre ces deux espèces. Ainsi, ont été mises en évidences, à l'échelle de la population, des pressions de sélection locales exercées par les pollinisateurs sur les traits floraux, tandis qu'à l'échelle de la famille, ont été retracés les grands changements évolutifs liés à la pollinisation et ayant aboutis à la diversité de formes et d'écologie florales des espèces d'Aracées actuelles.This thesis is made up of two parts dealing with the ecological and phylogenetical constraints exerted on the evolution of plant-pollinator interactions in one plant family: the Araceae. In the first part, the pollinator-mediated evolution of floral traits in Araceae has been investigated at the family level. A new nuclear marker was added to the most recent phylogeny of Araceae. Floral traits and pollinators were then mapped on the new tree (with the method of Bayesian stochastic mapping) to reconstruct the evolutionary history of pollination in Araceae. Finally, the correlated evolution of pollination and floral traits was tested in order to find clues for selective pressures exerted by pollinators on the evolution of floral traits. In the second part, the geographical variations of the interaction between two Arum species, A. italicum and A. maculatum, and their pollinators in France, was investigated. This work consisted in the sampling of pollinators and the analysis of the attractive odors from Arum inflorescences within different populations. Transplantation tests of the plants between two different sites showed that even if they share some pollinators, these two Arum species have evolved towards different attractive "strategies". Scarce hybrids from the two species presented intermediate ecological traits (odor and attractiveness), and the non-negligible role of the odor as a pre-zygotic reproductive barrier between them was demonstrated

    Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker initiation on organ support-free days in patients hospitalized with COVID-19

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    IMPORTANCE Overactivation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to poor clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Objective To determine whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) initiation improves outcomes in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In an ongoing, adaptive platform randomized clinical trial, 721 critically ill and 58 non–critically ill hospitalized adults were randomized to receive an RAS inhibitor or control between March 16, 2021, and February 25, 2022, at 69 sites in 7 countries (final follow-up on June 1, 2022). INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive open-label initiation of an ACE inhibitor (n = 257), ARB (n = 248), ARB in combination with DMX-200 (a chemokine receptor-2 inhibitor; n = 10), or no RAS inhibitor (control; n = 264) for up to 10 days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was organ support–free days, a composite of hospital survival and days alive without cardiovascular or respiratory organ support through 21 days. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model. Odds ratios (ORs) greater than 1 represent improved outcomes. RESULTS On February 25, 2022, enrollment was discontinued due to safety concerns. Among 679 critically ill patients with available primary outcome data, the median age was 56 years and 239 participants (35.2%) were women. Median (IQR) organ support–free days among critically ill patients was 10 (–1 to 16) in the ACE inhibitor group (n = 231), 8 (–1 to 17) in the ARB group (n = 217), and 12 (0 to 17) in the control group (n = 231) (median adjusted odds ratios of 0.77 [95% bayesian credible interval, 0.58-1.06] for improvement for ACE inhibitor and 0.76 [95% credible interval, 0.56-1.05] for ARB compared with control). The posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitors and ARBs worsened organ support–free days compared with control were 94.9% and 95.4%, respectively. Hospital survival occurred in 166 of 231 critically ill participants (71.9%) in the ACE inhibitor group, 152 of 217 (70.0%) in the ARB group, and 182 of 231 (78.8%) in the control group (posterior probabilities that ACE inhibitor and ARB worsened hospital survival compared with control were 95.3% and 98.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this trial, among critically ill adults with COVID-19, initiation of an ACE inhibitor or ARB did not improve, and likely worsened, clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT0273570

    Size variations of flowering characters in Arum maculatum (Araceae)

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    International audienc

    Les Aracées: une diversité d’arômes ou les différentes stratégies de la séduction,

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    National audienc

    La pollinisation des Aracées

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    Les Aracées forment une famille de plantes dont on connaît actuellement quelque 150 genres et 3300 espèces réparties sur toute la surface du globe, principalement dans les zones tropicales et équatoriales de l'Asie et de l'Amérique du Sud. Au-delà d'une immense diversité de formes, de modes de vies et d'habitats, les Aracées ont en commun - à quelques exceptions près - d'être entomophiles. Pour attirer et retenir les insectes qui les pollinisent, elles ont développé des inflorescences très particulières

    Évolution des systèmes de pollinisation chez les Aracées

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    International audienc

    Do floral odor profiles geographically vary with the degree of specificity for pollinators? Investigation in two sapromyophilous Arum species (Araceae)

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    We compared floral odour profiles among populations of two Arum species which show different degrees of specificity for their fly pollinators. Insects were collected from inflorescences in four populations of Arum italicum and two populations of Arum maculaturn. In six Arum populations, we compared inflorescences odour profiles collected by Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) and analysed by gas chromatography. We confirmed that from a pollination point of view, A. italicum is an opportunist species, as it is mainly pollinated by insects of the families Psychodidae, Chironomidae and Sciaridae, whereas A. maculatum is a specialist species, as it is 90% pollinated by Psychodidae. In all populations, Arum italicum was less attractive to pollinators than Arum maculatum. Floral odour profiles of A. italicum were not geographically structured among populations, suggesting a high gene flow or adaptation to a fluctuant guild of pollinators. On the contrary, odour profiles of A. maculatum varied between the two populations studied suggesting a lower gene flow or adaptation to different local pollinator preference
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