Distribution, biology and ecology of mining insects in the planned Bukowiec reserve in Barlinek-Gorzow Landscape Park

Wydział Biologii: Instytut Biologii ŚrodowiskaBadania prowadzono na 5 powierzchniach badawczych (w żyznej buczynie niżowej i czterech łęgach jesionowo-olszowych) w latach 1997-2004. Stwierdzono występowanie 116 gatunków minowców (3-gatunków chrząszczy, 7-błonkówek, 51-motyli i 55-muchówek). Gatunki: Psedodineura anemones i Cerodontha pseuderrans wykazano dotychczas z nielicznych stanowisk w kraju. Do min o nietypowym przebiegu zaliczono między innymi okazy min Phytomyza calthophila, wyróżniające się przerwami w przebiegu chodników. Nie stwierdzono tkanki kalusowej w minach badanych roślin. W liściu Eupatorium cannabinum zminowanym przez Liriomyza strigata (VIII 2005 r.; łęg jesionowo-olszowy A) zidentyfikowano kalozę. Larwy minowców żerowały w liściach 70 gatunków roślin żywicielskich z 31 rodzin botanicznych. Stwierdzone gatunki wykazywały silną więź troficzną z żywicielami - najliczniejsze były monofagi (56%). Stwierdzono duże zróżnicowanie liczby minowców w poszczególnych zbiorowiskach (od 87 do 34), co było skorelowane z występowaniem roślin żywicielskich. Zbiór liści z więcej niż jedną miną stanowił tylko około 12% całej kolekcji liści. Stwierdzono, że wraz ze wzrostem liczby min w pojedynczej blaszce liściowej malała liczba zaatakowanych liści. Zaobserwowano podobny schemat rozmieszczenia min Phyllonorycter maestingella i Stigmella hemargyrella zarówno w koronach buków jak i warstwach buczyny. Motyl S. tityrella preferował zewnętrzne strefy koron i unikał niższych warstw lasu. Dynamika liczby gatunków w sezonie wegetacyjnym poszczególnych lat badań była zbliżona. Miny większości gatunków pojawiały się nielicznie.The studies were carried out in five selected plant communities: a beech forest and four alluvial alder forests in 1997-2004. As a result, 116 species of mining insects were found. They represented four insect orders: beetles (3), hymenopterans (7), butterflies (51) and flies (55). Two rare species: Cerodontha (Buthomomyza) pseuderrans (Diptera) and Endophytus anemones (Hymenoptera) were recorded. The several untypical mines of Phytomyza calthophila, Stigmella mcroteriella and Metallus lanceolatus were noted. The callus tissue was no observed in the tested leaves. The callose deposited inside Liriomyza strigata mine in Eupatorium cannabinum leave (alluvial alder forest (A) in 2005) was identified. The mining insects attacked 70 plant species from 31 botanical families. They were closely related with their host plants. As many as 56% of them were monophagouse. The habitat preferences were determined. The different numbers of mining insects were recorded dependently on plant communities (from 87 to 34 species). This fact was mainly related with diversity of plants and the environmental conditions. The collection of leaves infested by more than one mine was estimated as 12% of all collected leaves. The similar mine distribution pattern of Phyllonorycter meastinella and Stigmella hemargyrella were found in the beech canopy. Stigmella titrella preferred the upper and the outside parts of tree crowns. The dynamic of species numbers in seasons of the single years was similar. The number of mines was generally low

Distribution, biology and ecology of mining insects in the planned Bukowiec reserve in Barlinek-Gorzow Landscape Park

Wydział Biologii: Instytut Biologii ŚrodowiskaBadania prowadzono na 5 powierzchniach badawczych (w żyznej buczynie niżowej i czterech łęgach jesionowo-olszowych) w latach 1997-2004. Stwierdzono występowanie 116 gatunków minowców (3-gatunków chrząszczy, 7-błonkówek, 51-motyli i 55-muchówek). Gatunki: Psedodineura anemones i Cerodontha pseuderrans wykazano dotychczas z nielicznych stanowisk w kraju. Do min o nietypowym przebiegu zaliczono między innymi okazy min Phytomyza calthophila, wyróżniające się przerwami w przebiegu chodników. Nie stwierdzono tkanki kalusowej w minach badanych roślin. W liściu Eupatorium cannabinum zminowanym przez Liriomyza strigata (VIII 2005 r.; łęg jesionowo-olszowy A) zidentyfikowano kalozę. Larwy minowców żerowały w liściach 70 gatunków roślin żywicielskich z 31 rodzin botanicznych. Stwierdzone gatunki wykazywały silną więź troficzną z żywicielami - najliczniejsze były monofagi (56%). Stwierdzono duże zróżnicowanie liczby minowców w poszczególnych zbiorowiskach (od 87 do 34), co było skorelowane z występowaniem roślin żywicielskich. Zbiór liści z więcej niż jedną miną stanowił tylko około 12% całej kolekcji liści. Stwierdzono, że wraz ze wzrostem liczby min w pojedynczej blaszce liściowej malała liczba zaatakowanych liści. Zaobserwowano podobny schemat rozmieszczenia min Phyllonorycter maestingella i Stigmella hemargyrella zarówno w koronach buków jak i warstwach buczyny. Motyl S. tityrella preferował zewnętrzne strefy koron i unikał niższych warstw lasu. Dynamika liczby gatunków w sezonie wegetacyjnym poszczególnych lat badań była zbliżona. Miny większości gatunków pojawiały się nielicznie.The studies were carried out in five selected plant communities: a beech forest and four alluvial alder forests in 1997-2004. As a result, 116 species of mining insects were found. They represented four insect orders: beetles (3), hymenopterans (7), butterflies (51) and flies (55). Two rare species: Cerodontha (Buthomomyza) pseuderrans (Diptera) and Endophytus anemones (Hymenoptera) were recorded. The several untypical mines of Phytomyza calthophila, Stigmella mcroteriella and Metallus lanceolatus were noted. The callus tissue was no observed in the tested leaves. The callose deposited inside Liriomyza strigata mine in Eupatorium cannabinum leave (alluvial alder forest (A) in 2005) was identified. The mining insects attacked 70 plant species from 31 botanical families. They were closely related with their host plants. As many as 56% of them were monophagouse. The habitat preferences were determined. The different numbers of mining insects were recorded dependently on plant communities (from 87 to 34 species). This fact was mainly related with diversity of plants and the environmental conditions. The collection of leaves infested by more than one mine was estimated as 12% of all collected leaves. The similar mine distribution pattern of Phyllonorycter meastinella and Stigmella hemargyrella were found in the beech canopy. Stigmella titrella preferred the upper and the outside parts of tree crowns. The dynamic of species numbers in seasons of the single years was similar. The number of mines was generally low

The Effect of TIBA and NPA on Shoot Regeneration of Cannabis sativa L. Epicotyl Explants

Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L., family Cannabaceae) is a multi-purpose crop, used in the production of food, nutraceuticals, cosmetics and medicines. Therefore, development of new varieties with specific chemical profiles is necessary. In vitro culture methods could be complementary to conventional breeding and a useful tool for large-scale propagation. Strong apical dominance is considered as one of the factors contributing to the recalcitrance of industrial hemp in shoot proliferation. In this study, we tested the polar transport inhibitors N-1-naphtylphtalamic acid (NPA) and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) to enhance shoot regeneration as the result of suppression of apical dominance and to develop in vitro protocols for Diana, Finola and Fedora 17 cultivars. Shoot tips derived from epicotyls were cultivated on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with meta-topolin (mT) and NPA, and also thidiazuron (TDZ) with a combination of TIBA and NPA. The results showed that the combination of TDZ with NPA (1–5 mg L−1) and TDZ with TIBA (0.5–2.5 mg L−1) increased the response of explants and the multiplication rate, but the effect was genotype-dependent and malformations were observed. To optimize the developed protocol, a two-step procedure with shortened time of exposure to inhibitors and reduced concentrations of them was applied. Shoots were rooted on media containing indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and then successfully acclimatized. The obtained results will be useful in micropropagation of recalcitrant industrial hemp varieties

Fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium L.): botany, phytochemistry and traditional uses. A review

Fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium L., Onagraceae) is one of important medicinal plants used especially in the treatment of urogenital disorders, including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatitis. The therapeutic effects of E. angustifolium extracts comprise antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and also antimicrobial activities. The aim of the present review was to provide the information on the botany, phytochemistry and traditional uses of E. angustifolium. This plant is a widespread circumboreal species of North America and Eurasia, tolerant in terms of habitat conditions, and often occupying man-made open habitats. Phytochemical studies on E. angustifolium resulted in the identification of about 250 different metabolites, including about 170 substances found for the first time in this plant in the last six years (2014–2019). Fireweed has an abundance of polyphenolic compounds, particularly ellagitannins. Oenothein B and quercetin-3-O-glucuronide are proposed as markers for the identification and standardization of the plant raw material. E. angustifolium exhibits significant phytochemical variability in relation to the geographical origin, plant part and time of harvest/vegetation phase. Survey of the ethnobotanical literature showed that the above-mentioned species has been widely used not only as a medicinal, but also as an edible, honey and decorative plant

Fireweed ( Epilobium angustifolium

Fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium L., Onagraceae) is one of important medicinal plants used especially in the treatment of urogenital disorders, including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatitis. The therapeutic effects of E. angustifolium extracts comprise antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and also antimicrobial activities. The aim of the present review was to provide the information on the botany, phytochemistry and traditional uses of E. angustifolium. This plant is a widespread circumboreal species of North America and Eurasia, tolerant in terms of habitat conditions, and often occupying man-made open habitats. Phytochemical studies on E. angustifolium resulted in the identification of about 250 different metabolites, including about 170 substances found for the first time in this plant in the last six years (2014–2019). Fireweed has an abundance of polyphenolic compounds, particularly ellagitannins. Oenothein B and quercetin-3-O-glucuronide are proposed as markers for the identification and standardization of the plant raw material. E. angustifolium exhibits significant phytochemical variability in relation to the geographical origin, plant part and time of harvest/vegetation phase. Survey of the ethnobotanical literature showed that the above-mentioned species has been widely used not only as a medicinal, but also as an edible, honey and decorative plant

Fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium L.): botany, phytochemistry and traditional uses. A review

Fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium L., Onagraceae) is one of important medicinal plants used especially in the treatment of urogenital disorders, including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatitis. The therapeutic effects of E. angustifolium extracts comprise antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and also antimicrobial activities. The aim of the present review was to provide the information on the botany, phytochemistry and traditional uses of E. angustifolium. This plant is a widespread circumboreal species of North America and Eurasia, tolerant in terms of habitat conditions, and often occupying man-made open habitats. Phytochemical studies on E. angustifolium resulted in the identification of about 250 different metabolites, including about 170 substances found for the first time in this plant in the last six years (2014–2019). Fireweed has an abundance of polyphenolic compounds, particularly ellagitannins. Oenothein B and quercetin-3-O-glucuronide are proposed as markers for the identification and standardization of the plant raw material. E. angustifolium exhibits significant phytochemical variability in relation to the geographical origin, plant part and time of harvest/vegetation phase. Survey of the ethnobotanical literature showed that the above-mentioned species has been widely used not only as a medicinal, but also as an edible, honey and decorative plant

Application of multi-shoots cultures in micropropagation of willow herb (Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop.)

Introduction: Willow herb (Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. syn. Epilobium angustifolium L. from Onagraceae family is a valuable medicinal plant that has been used in the treatment of urogenital disorders including BPH (Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy). The raw material is a rich source of polyphenols as well as steroids, triterpenoids and fatty acids. Due to frequent interspecific hybridization, plants collected in wild display a very diverse and variable content of active compounds. This poses a challenge in obtaining high quality and homogenous raw material. Application of the in vitro cultures and micropropagation techniques may offer a solution for alternative methods of cultivation

The application of multi-shoots cultures in micropropagation of willow herb (Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop.)

Willow herb (Chamaenerion angustifolium (L.) Scop. syn. Epilobium angustifolium L.) from Onagraceae family is a valuable medicinal plant that has been used in the treatment of urogenital disorders including BPH (Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy). The raw material is a rich source of polyphenols as well as steroids, triterpenoids and fatty acids. The extracts show pharmacological activities: anti-androgen, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and analgesic properties. Due to frequent interspecific hybridization, plants collected in the wild display a diverse and variable content of active compounds. This poses a challenge in obtaining high quality and homogenous raw material. Application of the in vitro cultures and micropropagation techniques may offer a solution for alternative methods of cultivation. This work presents preliminary results of the implementation of Ch. angustifolium in vitro cultures to obtain raw material for the first time. Sterile seedlings were donors of explants, which were used for induction of multi-shoots culture according to a modified Turker’s protocol. Six different genotypes (lines) originating from root explants were chosen for clonal propagation. Efficiency of the elaborated method was 16 – 20 shoots per explants. Finally, over 3000 acclimatized plants were obtained and used for field crops

Simple Extraction of Cannabinoids from Female Inflorescences of Hemp (<i>Cannabis sativa</i> L.)

The high interest in non-psychoactive cannabidiol increases the need for efficient and straightforward cannabidiol (CBD) extraction methods. The research aimed to compare simple methods of cannabinoid extraction that do not require advanced laboratory equipment. This work assesses the content of total CBD and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in popular solvents such as water and ethanol extracts. Hemp raw material was analyzed with Gas Chromatography with a Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID), while extracts were tested by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The female inflorescences of three varieties of industrial hemp were tested: Futura 75, KC Dora, and Tygra (different sowing and N fertilization densities). Tygra (T/10/30) showed the highest content of CBD (0.064%) in water extracts. However, in 80% tincture from Futura 75 (F/30/30), a higher CBD content of 1.393% was observed. The use of 96% ethanol for extraction and ultrasound enabled the highest CBD content to be obtained: 2.682% in Futura 75 (F/30/30). Cold water extraction showed no effect on Δ9-THC content, while hot water extraction increased content from 0.001% in KC Dora to 0.002% in Futura 75 (F/30/30) and Tygra, but the changes were statistically insignificant. Application of 80% ethanol revealed the significantly highest content of Δ9-THC in KC Dora, from 0.026% (K/30/90) to 0.057% (K/30/30), as well as in Tygra (T/30/30) (0.036%) and Futura 75 (F/30/30) (0.048%). The use of ethanol extraction in combination with ultrasound could be an efficient method of obtaining cannabinoids

Content of cannabinoids in clonally propagated industrial hemp

Cannabis sativa L. is an extremely variable species. Even within the same cultivar plants can significantly differ in the content and profile of cannabinoids. Therefore, the best method for production of uniform plants and standardized raw material is vegetative propagation using clones. The aim of this study was to determine the content of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabidiol (CBD), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ9-THCA), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabigerol (CBG), and cannabinol (CBN) in clonally propagated plants of industrial hemp. One hundred and thirty-nine plants representing 17 different hemp genotypes were regenerated in vitro, hardened, and grown in a vegetation hall until harvest. Single plants of each accession were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV/diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD/UV). The results revealed significant variability in the total cannabinoid content (0.55–5.18% in dry weight) among tested genotypes and within the Epsilon 68 cultivar. The highest content of total CBD (4.410%) was recorded for EPS/40 genotype, while the level of total Δ9-THC was below the allowed threshold (0.3%). Therefore, we can conclude that some clonally propagated plants provided reproducible hemp material as a potential source of cannabidiol. The results of this study will be useful for breeding and early selection of hemp genotypes