Saponinas de aceite de camelia: extracción en fase sólida y su efecto en sangre y órganos de ratones

In this study, the tea saponin extracted experiment was adopted to optimize extraction conditions. The solid phase extraction technique was used to extract saponin from camellia tea oil. Four macro-porous resins (DM301; NKA-9; HZ-841; S-8), two cation exchange resins (D001; 732), chitosan and diatomite, respectively, were used in a preliminary experiment; the HZ-841 macro-porous resin was determined as the optimal solid adsorbent material. The extraction conditions were; temperature 23.78 ºC; adsorption time 5.20 hour; liquid-to-solid ratio 12.54:1; predicted adsorption rate 20.20%; ethanol concentration 83.27%; eluent flow rate 1.18 mL/min; liquid-to-solid ratio 21.85:1; and the elution rate of tea saponin was calculated as 59.55%. The effect of tea seed oil saponin on mice blood and organs (liver, kidney, spleen and heart) was studied. The mice were randomly divided into six groups and fed for 90-days. Their weights were recorded every day. On the last day of the experiment serum ele­ments: Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low and high-density lipoproteins (LDL, HDL), as well as AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and total protein (TP) and organ (liver, kidney, spleen and heart) histopathologies were determined. The study results demonstrated that tea oil saponin expanded TC, TG, LDL and HDL. However, it generally increased ALT, AST activities and TP values compared to control groups. Tea oil saponin had no effect on organ tissue histopathology compared to control groups.En este estudio se optimizaron las condiciones de extracción de las saponina de té. La técnica de extracción en fase sólida se utilizó para extraer la saponina del aceite de té de camelia. Se utilizaron cuatro resinas macropo­rosas (DM301; NKA-9; HZ-841; S-8), dos resinas de intercambio catiónico (D001; 732), quitosán y diatomita, respectivamente, en un experimento preliminar. La resina macroporosa HZ-841 se determinó como el material adsorbente sólido óptimo. Las condiciones de extracción fueron: temperatura de 23,78 ºC, tiempo de adsorción de 5,20 horas, relación líquido:sólido: 12,54:1; tasa de adsorción prevista: 20,20%; concentración de etanol: 83,27%, el flujo de eluyente de 1,18 ml/min, relación de líquido:sólido de 21,85:1, y la velocidad de elución de la saponina del té se calculó como 59,55%. Se estudió el efecto de la saponina del aceite de semilla de té en la sangre y los órganos de los ratones (hígado, riñón, bazo y corazón). Los ratones se dividieron al azar en seis grupos y se alimentaron durante 90 días, y se registraron sus pesos todos los días. En el último día del experimento se detectaron histopatología en los elementos séricos: colesterol total (TC), triglicéridos (TG), lipoproteínas de baja y alta densidad (LDL, HDL), AST, ALT y proteína total (TP) y órganos (hígado, riñón, bazo y corazón). Los resultados del estudio demostraron que las saponinas del aceite de té aumentaron el TC, TG, LDL y HDL. Sin embargo, también en general aumentó las actividades de ALT, AST y los valores de TP en comparación con los grupos de control. Las saponinas del aceite de té no tuvieron efecto sobre la histopatología de tejidos de los órganos en comparación con los grupos de control

Investigations on the oxidative stability of some unconventional Sudanese oils, traditionally used in human nutrition

Untersuchungen an Sclerocarya birrea Öl, Melon bug Öl (Aspongubus viduatus) und Sorghum bug Öl (Agonoscelis pubescens) zeigten einen hohen Ölgehalt, einen geringen Gehalt an Tocopherolen sowie einen mittleren Gehalt an Sterinen. Sclerocarya birrea Öl und Melon bug Öl wiesen eine bemerkenswert hohe Oxidationsstabilität im Rancimat Test auf. Mischungen von Sonnenblumenöl mit Sclerocarya birrea Öl und Melon bug Öl ergaben eine deutliche Verbesserung der Oxidationsstabilität. Methanolische Extrakte der Öle enthielten phenolische Verbindungen, die in der Lage waren, den oxidativen Abbau von Ölen zu verzögern. Die Lagerung der Öle im Dunkeln bei 30 °C ±2 °C zeigte eine gute Lagerstabilität von Sclerocarya birrea Öl und Melon bug Öl. Die Experimente zeigten, dass Sclerocarya birrea Öl und Melon bug Öl zum Frittieren geeignet waren. Die Raffination führte zu einer deutlichen Verbesserung der Öle. Es war möglich, die Methyl- und Ethylester von den Ölen für Biodiesel Produktion vorzubereiten. Investigations of Sclerocarya birrea oil, melon bug oil (Aspongubus viduatus) and sorghum bug oil (Agonoscelis pubescens) showed high oil contents, low amounts of tocopherols and medium amounts of sterols. Sclerocarya birrea oil and melon bug oil showed a remarkable high oxidative stability in the Rancimat test. Blending sunflower oil with Sclerocarya birrea oil and melon bug oil resulted in an improved oxidative stability. Methanolic extracts from the oils contained phenolic compounds able to inhibit oil oxidative deterioration. Storage of the oils at 30°+/-2 °C in the dark revealed a high long term storage stability of Sclerocarya birrea oil and melon bug oil. Experiments showed that crude Sclerocarya birrea oil and melon bug oil were usable for deep fat frying. Refining of the oils resulted in a much better quality of the oils. It was possible to prepare methyl and ethyl esters from the three oils and Sclerocarya birrea oil seems most suitable for biodiesel production

Anti-ulcerogenic activity of gynura procumbens leaf extract against experimentally-induced gastric lesions in rats

Several plants are used in folk medicine to treat gastrointestinal disorders. Gynura procumbens is a medicinal plant commonly used in traditional treatment of many aliments. In this study, G. procumbens ethanolic leaf extract (GPELE) was used to investigate its gastroprotective effect in adult Sprague dawley rats which were divided into six groups. The rats were orally pre-treated with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solution (ulcer control groups), omeprazole 20 mg/ kg (reference group), 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/ kg of GPELE in CMC solution (experimental groups), one hour before oral administration of absolute ethanol to generate gastric mucosal injury. After an additional hour, the rats were sacrificed and the ulcer areas of the gastric walls were determined. The ulcer control group exhibited severe mucosal injury, whereas groups pre-treated with GPELE exhibited significant protection of gastric mucosal injury. These findings were also confirmed by histological studies. Acute toxicity study with a higher dose of 5 g/ kg did not manifest any toxicological signs in rats. These results suggest that GPELE promotes ulcer protection as ascertained grossly by significant reduction of ulcer area, and histologically by comparatively decreases in ulcer areas, reduction or absence of edema and leucocytes infiltration of submucosal layer compared to ulcer control group

Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the essential oils of Etlingera elatior and Cinnamomum pubescens Kochummen

BACKGROUND: Plant essential oils are widely used as fragrances and flavours. Therefore, the essential oils from the leaves of Cinnamomum pubescens Kochummen (CP) and the whole plant of Etlingera elatior (EE) were investigated for their antioxidant, antibacterial and phytochemical properties. RESULTS: CP and EE were found to contain appreciable levels of total phenolic contents (50.6 and 33.41 g kg(-1) as gallic acid equivalent) and total flavonoid contents (205.6 and 244.8 g kg(-1) as rutin equivalent), respectively. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of CP is superior to EE (P < 0.05) showing IC(50) of 77.2 and 995.1 mu g mL(-1), respectively. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella choleraesuis were tested against CP and EE. Only MRSA was the most susceptible bacteria to CP. GC/MS studies resulted in the identification of 79 and 73 compounds in CP and EE, respectively. The most abundant components of EE included beta-pinene (24.92%) and 1-dodecene (24.31%). While the major compound in CP were 1,6-octadien-3-ol,3,7-dimethyl (11.55%), cinnamaldehyde (56.15%) and 1-phenyl-propane-2,2-diol diethanoate (11.38%). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the essential oils from Cinnamomum pubescens Kochummen and Etlingera elatior could be potentially used as a new source of natural antioxidant and antibacterial in the food and pharmaceutical industries. (C) 2010 Society of Chemical Industr

Current state and perspectives on transesterification of triglycerides for biodiesel production

Triglycerides are the main constituents of lipids, which are the fatty acids of glycerol. Natural organic triglycerides (viz. virgin vegetable oils, recycled cooking oils, and animal fats) are the main sources for biodiesel production. Biodiesel (mono alkyl esters) is the most attractive alternative fuel to diesel, with numerous environmental advantages over petroleum-based fuel. The most practicable method for converting triglycerides to biodiesel with viscosities comparable to diesel fuel is transesterification. Previous research has proven that biodiesel–diesel blends can operate the compression ignition engine without the need for significant modifications. However, the commercialization of biodiesel is still limited due to the high cost of production. In this sense, the transesterification route is a crucial factor in determining the total cost of biodiesel production. Homogenous base-catalyzed transesterification, industrially, is the conventional method to produce biodiesel. However, this method suffers from limitations both environmentally and economically. Although there are review articles on transesterification, most of them focus on a specific type of transesterification process and hence do not provide a comprehensive picture. This paper reviews the latest progress in research on all facets of transesterification technology from reports published by highly-rated scientific journals in the last two decades. The review focuses on the suggested modifications to the conventional method and the most promising innovative technologies. The potentiality of each technology to produce biodiesel from low-quality feedstock is also discussed

Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of the essential oil of Cinnamomum altissimum Kosterm. (Lauraceae)

The essential oil of the bark of Cinnamomum altissimum Kosterm. obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by capillary GC and GC–MS. The oil was characterized by linalool (36.0%), methyl eugenol (12.8%), limonene (8.3%), α-terpineol (7.8%) and terpinen-4-ol (6.4%). The content of total phenolics in the extracts was determined spectrometrically according to the Folin–Ciocalteu procedure and calculated as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). A total phenolic compound was 50.41 ± 0.98 μg GAE/mg oil. The extract displayed antioxidant activities, with an IC50 value of 38.5 ± 4.72 μg/ml, using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and 345.2 ± 14.8 μM Fe (II)/g dry mass using ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay