Moving to an Island – Contemporary Migrations to the Island of Korčula

U ovom se radu, kroz studiju slučaja otoka Korčule, istraživalo pojavu novijeg doseljavanja na hrvatske otoke, odnosno doseljavanja stanovništva nakon 2000. Interes bio je usmjeren na domaće i strane useljenike koji većinu godine žive na Korčuli, odnosno kojima je otok mjesto stalnog boravka. Autoricu je zanimalo što ih dovodi na mjesta u kojima se bilježe negativni demografski trendovi, odnosno ona iz kojih se stanovništvo pretežito iseljava. Cilj rada bio je na temelju studije jednog otoka sustavno istražiti kontekst dolaska različitih migrantskih skupina, ispitati njihove razloge za preseljenje te naglasiti sve značajniju ulogu otoka u povratnim i dolaznim migrantskim tokovima. Teorijska podloga rada oslanja se na pristupe koji naglašavaju neekonomske razloge migracije (King, 2002) te migracije kao rezultat promjene životnog stila (Benson i O’Reilly, 2009a). Istraživački pristup bio je kvalitativan i uključivao je intervjue s 37 doseljenika. Osim intervjua primijenjena je i metoda ankete kako bi se dopunili demografski podaci o ispitanicima. Na temelju podataka iz intervjua i anketnih upitnika sugovornici su grupirani u tri osnovne skupine prema njihovoj glavnoj vezi s otokom: a) migranti povratnici (trinaest ispitanika), b) bračni migranti/ice (dvanaest ispitanika) i c) doseljenici – bez prethodne bračne ili rodbinske veze s otokom (dvanaest ispitanika). Na primjeru Korčule može se zaključiti kako su veći hrvatski otoci, usprkos negativnim demografskim trendovima, potencijalno privlačne destinacije za određeni broj domaćih i stranih doseljenika. Iako je teško očekivati značajniju revitalizaciju otočnog prostora, turizam svakako dovodi nove aktere u njega. Veliki otoci u povoljnijoj su poziciji s obzirom na veći broj stanovnika i veću gustoću društvenih odnosa te veću količinu sadržaja i infrastrukturne opremljenosti.Long-term emigration of the island population has somehow blurred the fact that islands at the same time attract certain groups of newcomers (although not in large numbers). In this paper, through the case study of Korčula, the phenomenon of recent immigration to the Croatian islands (occurring after year 2000) is explored. This new population certainly attracts attention because of its possible impact on the social revitalisation of small island communities. The island of Korčula is situated in the southern part of the Croatian Adriatic coast. It is populated with around 15 thousand inhabitants in five main settlements. The main local economic activities are tourism, fishing, olive and grapevine growing. The island rhythm is seasonal with huge differences between the summer and winter months. The focus of this research was on the international and internal immigrants who spent the majority of the year on the island. The author was interested in the reasons that bring them to places that are experiencing negative demographic trends and are dominated by outmigration. The aim was to study the reasons and the context of migrants’ relocation decisions. The theoretical background of the paper relies on the approaches that emphasise the non-economic reasons for migration (King, 2002), and migration as a result of lifestyle change (Benson & O’Reilly, 2009a). It is argued that the usual theories of labour migrants and economically motivated migrations cannot sufficiently explain the interest in migrating to areas such as islands, which are depopulated, but with valuable cultural and environmental resources. There are more and more people moving to other places and the reasons they emphasise are pleasant climate, a more beautiful or healthier environment, a better or just different lifestyle. At the same time this redefines the attractiveness of peripheral locations. The research approach was qualitative and included fieldwork and interviews with 37 island newcomers (migrants). Three basic groups were identified according to their main connection with the island: a) return migrants (13 respondents), b) marriage migrants (12 respondents) and c) migrants without prior marital or family connections with the island (12 respondents). Return migrants have been identified in the previous similar studies as the most common immigrant group on the Croatian islands. The majority of them had left the island while in their 20s and went to mainland Croatia, different European countries, but also to overseas and came back to island upon retirement. They are not interested in seeking paid employment and the economic conditions on the island do not affect their socio-economic status, as their accumulated savings or foreign pensions allow them to live a pleasant, but not luxurious life. Their return to the island is also a quest for new daily routines that could replace their earlier obligations connected to paid work, which is why they often engage themselves in traditional activities, such as olive growing, winemaking, agriculture without commercialisation – just for their own needs. In addition to the return retirement migrants of the first generation, the results also identified second-generation migrants who return in work-active age. They are highly educated and live mostly with children (younger than 18). Most of them are employed or self-employed and have numerous initiatives on how to improve the island’s social conditions. Very often, they actively engage in the local community (politically, socially). Although the base of potential return migrants in traditional emigration areas is large, it is not to be expected that they will bring the desired demographic dynamics to the island community since there are still too few second-generation migrants returning. In the case of the island of Korčula, the circumstance that makes the return somehow easier is that the island is relatively large (compared to other Croatian islands) and provides organised primary health care and other basic services (primary and secondary schools, public administration offices, public transport, kindergartens, banks, post offices, supermarkets, restaurants, cafés, etc.). As for the second newcomer group, marriage migrants, there were always foreign brides on the island – but the distance was smaller in the past. They mostly came from nearby villages or towns. Today, they have different national and international origins. There are two main ways of coming: by marrying an islander working in a foreign country or on a ship or by meeting and marrying an islander after a tourist or business visit to the island. The third group, migrants without prior marital or family connections with the island, can be further divided into two sub-groups: labour migrants who occupied the previously underdeveloped small business niches on the island, such as diving or health services, and ex-tourists who saw the island as an ideal location for starting a new life. What all three migrant groups have in common is their quest for small, safe communities with potentials in which they would be able to find more balance between work and enjoyment, work and family, and a closer connection to the community and nature

Migration to traditionally emigrant areas - a case study of the island of Korčula

U ovom radu istraživali smo pojavu novijeg doseljavanja na otok Korčulu, odnosno doseljavanja stanovništva koje je uslijedilo nakon 2000. godine. Naš interes bio je usmjeren na domaće i strane useljenike koji većinu godine žive na otoku, odnosno kojima je otok mjesto stalnog boravka. Kao glavnu istraživačku strategiju izabrali smo studiju slučaja. Područje otoka izabrali smo vodeći se kriterijem da su otoci primjeri tradicionalno iseljeničkih područja. Istraživački pristup je kvalitativan i uključivao je dubinske intervjue s migrantima (37 ispitanika), te ekspertne intervjue (4 ispitanika). Demografski i socioekonomski podaci o ispitanicima dobiveni su uz pomoć anketnih upitnika podijeljenih svim ispitanicima, a dodatno su korišteni i dostupni statistički podaci.This dissertation aims to contribute to ongoing theorisation of so-called “new types of migration” which are not directed to achieve (only) economic objectives. It explores small group of recent internal and international immigrants to previously un-research Croatian island Korčula which otherwise suffers population and economic decline but with valuable natural and cultural resources. To better explain the context of these type of migration we used the theoretical concept of lifestyle migration (Benson & O'Reilly, 2009b) – the concept that connects more dispersed migrant phenomenon such as retirement migration, amenity migration, migration related to second homes and counter-urban migration

MERKMALE DES FUNKTIONIERENS LOKALER POLITISCHER BEHÖRDEN – EIN BLICK AUS DER PERSPEKTIVE DES GEMEINDEVORSTANDES IN DREI NORDWESTLICHEN KROATISCHEN GESPANSCHAFTEN

U situaciji smanjene fi nancijske moći države logično je pitati se kako se odvija svakodnevno funkcioniranje hrvatskih općina i gradova, kakva je njihova kadrovska ekipiranost, te jesu li u mogućnosti osigurati zadovoljavajuću kakvoću javnih usluga. S više strana čuo se prigovor kako je brojka od 429 općina i 127 gradova prevelika. Takvim ocjenama prethodile s većinom analize državnog i lokalnih proračuna, dok je empirijska analiza ruralne društvene zbilje gotovo potpuno izostala. Ovim smo istraživanjem htjeli prikupiti što više informacija o općinskim problemima i mogućnostima iz perspektive lokalne elite – načelnika općine, te pobliže se upoznati sa samim načelnicima analizirajući njihovu poslovnu i socijalnu pozadinu. Rad je nastao na temelju analize 32 dubinskih intervjua s načelnicima triju sjeverozapadnih hrvatskih županija.In a situation of reduced financial power of the state, questions arise regarding daily functioning of Croatian municipalities and cities: how are they being organized, do they have enough personnel, and whether they are able to provide a satisfactory quality in public services. The complaint about Croatia having too many municipalities (429) and cities (127) has often been made in both scientific and political circles. Such assessments were grounded heavily on the analysis of state and local budgets, with very few fieldwork studies. In this research we wanted to gather information about municipal problems and opportunities from the perspective of the local elite - the mayors, as well as to get to know the mayors themselves by analyzing their professional and social backgrounds. The findings are based on the analysis of 32 in-depth interviews with the mayors from three north-western Croatian counties.In einer Situation, wo die Finanzkraft des Staates sich verringert hat, ist es logisch, sich zu fragen, wie kroatische Gemeinden und Städte alltäglich funktionieren, wie deren Personalbesetzung aussieht, und ob sie im Stande sind, eine zufriedenstellende Qualität von öff entlichen Dienstleistungen zu sichern. Von mehreren Seiten konnte man die Beanstandung hören, dass die Anzahl von 429 Gemeinden und 127 Städten zu groß sei. Solchen Meinungen gingen meistens Analysen des Staats- und Lokalbudgets voraus, während eine empirische Analyse der ländlichen sozialen Realität fast völlig ausgeblieben ist. Mit dieser Untersuchung wollten wir möglichst viele Informationen über Probleme und Möglichkeiten der Gemeinden sammeln, aus der Sicht der lokalen Elite, d.h. des Gemeindevorstands, außerdem wollten wir die Mitglieder der Gemeindevorstände näher kennen lernen und ihren geschäftlichen und sozialen Hintergrund analysieren. Die Arbeit beruht auf der Analyse von 32 ausführlichen Interviews mit Vorstandsmitgliedern in drei nordwestlichen kroatischen Gespanschaften

From Chronology towards Theoretical Concepts – the Problem of Émigrés in Croatian Historiography as Evidenced by Papers Published in the Journal of Contemporary History

U članku se na temelju 39 radova posvećenih iseljeničkoj tematici, objavljenih u Časopisu za suvremenu povijest od 1969. do 2018., analizira istraženost povijesti hrvatskoga iseljeništva unutar hrvatske historiografije. Analiza je provedena na dvije razine. S jedne strane problematizirana je opća (pod)zastupljenost navedene tematike u kontekstu cjelokupne hrvatske historiografije, a potom je postavljeno pitanje utjecaja dominantnoga narativa na istraživanje kroz tri ključne domene: izbor tema, upotreba karakteristične metodologije te sama interpretacija. Pritom su odvojeno promatrana dva razdoblja, za vrijeme Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije te po ostvarenju samostalnosti Republike Hrvatske. Usporedno s tim dijelom analize osnovne karakteristike radova na temu hrvatskoga iseljeništva kontekstualizirane su s dosezima stranih historiografija te srodnih znanstvenih disciplina s aspekta primjene teorijskih i metodoloških okvira istraživanja.This article encompasses an analysis of research on the process of the formation and development of Croatian émigré communities in Croatian historiography based on 39 papers devoted to this topic, published from 1969 to 2018. The analysis was conducted on two levels. The general (under)representation of the topic in the context of Croatian historiography as a whole is examined first, followed by the issue of the influence of the dominant narrative on research through three key domains: the selection of topics, the use of characteristic methodology, and the interpretation itself. In this context, two periods have been examined separately – during the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and after the Republic of Croatia achieved independence. Parallel with this part of the analysis, the basic characteristics of papers on the topic of Croatian émigrés have been contextualised in regard to the achievements of foreign historiography and related scientific disciplines from the aspect of applying theoretical and methodological research frameworks. The reasons for the poor representation of this topic include high politicisation in regard to the critical stance of a large part of the émigré population towards the political system in Yugoslavia till 1991 and the difficult accessibility of archival material and relevant literature on immigrant associations. The analysis did not find any direct influence of politics, i.e. ideology, on the researchers, but there was a shift in the focus of research in line with changes in the social context, from the (pro-)Yugoslav émigré communities towards the predominantly anti-Yugoslav ones in works published after 1991. The predominant characteristic of the analysed works in both periods is the lack of an interpretation of the activities of examined individuals, events, and processes in a broader theoretical framework. Accordingly, a narrow focus on sources is predominant in the methodological sense, as is the lack of contextualisation of the development of Croatian émigré communities within the frame of immigrant associations. They are approached as homogenous groups, and their development is primarily interpreted in the context of events in Croatia. Following everything stated above, this paper points to the necessity of applying developed theoretical and methodological models through an interdisciplinary perspective

Od slobodne do prisilne – istraživanje mobilnosti osoba u iskustvu beskućništva

For a long time, it was thought that the mobility of homeless people could be typically described as free and unrestricted. More recently, this mobility assumption has been challenged to the extent that it has been claimed that is not only restricted, but completely forced. Clearly, the mobility paradigm is inadequate to describe the movements of homeless people who are often subject to exclusion, relocation, confinement, and coercion. This is particularly evident in the theory of expulsion, which is critically reviewed and applied in this article. Based on qualitative research including interviews with 45 people experiencing homelessness in Croatia, we explore different dimensions of forced movement with attention to the broader socio-economic context.Dugo se smatralo da se mobilnost beskućnika tipično može opisati kao slobodna i neograničena. U novije se vrijeme ta pretpostavka mobilnosti propituje do razine da se tvrdi kako mobilnost nije samo ograničena, već u potpunosti prisilna. Jasno je da paradigma mobilnosti nije adekvatna da bi se opisala kretanja beskućnika, koji su nerijetko podvrgnuti isključivanju, preseljenju, ograničavanju i prisili. To je osobito vidljivo u teoriji protjerivanja, koju se kritički propituje i primjenjuje u ovom članku. Temeljem kvalitativnog istraživanja koje uključuje intervjue s 45 osoba s iskustvom beskućništva u Hrvatskoj istražujemo različite dimenzije prisilnih kretanja, uz uvažavanje širega socio-ekonomskog konteksta

Socioprostorni obrasci suvremenoga sekundarnog stanovanja u Hrvatskoj

Second home use as a specific dwelling practice has a long history in Croatia. The number of second homes has been continuously growing in Croatia for more than 50 years, regardless of the long-term economic crises and regressive socio-historical processes. In this article, based on empirical data collected by a survey and the most recent national Census, we explore the basic features of the second home phenomenon focusing on characteristics of second home users, patterns of second home location and frequency of use. The obtained data shows that Croatian households that own a second home represent a heterogeneous group and that this phenomenon is not associated exclusively with affluent and/or retired households. Furthermore, second homes are more often located in a certain type of settlement – peripheral, rural and small settlements are more desirable locations and more than half of the respondents use their second homes at least on a monthly basis.Sekundarno stanovanje kao specifična stambena praksa ima dugu povijest na prostoru današnje Hrvatske. Broj sekundarnih stanova u Hrvatskoj stalno raste u zadnjih pet desetljeća, bez obzira na iskustva dugih gospodarskih kriza i regresivnih sociopovijesnih procesa. U radu se na temelju podataka Popisa stanovništva iz 2011. godine i anketnog istraživanja donose osnovna obilježja sekundarnoga stanovanja kroz analizu: a) obilježja aktera sekundarnoga stanovanja u Hrvatskoj, b) odredišta sekundarnoga stanovanja i c) učestalosti upotrebe stanova za odmor. Dobiveni podaci upućuju na zaključak kako se u kućanstvima koja imaju stan za odmor radi o poprilično raznorodnoj skupini te kako sekundarno stanovanje nije povezano isključivo s imućnijim i/ili umirovljeničkim kućanstvima. Nadalje, stanovi za odmor znatno su češće smješteni u određenom tipu naselja – poželjnija su ona periferna, ruralna i naselja s manje od 500 stanovnika, a više od polovice ispitanika rabi stanove za odmor na mjesečnoj bazi

Second Homes and the Transformation of Okrug Gornji on the Island of Čiovo, Croatia: the Local Perspective

Autori polaze od premise da je sekundarno stanovanje važno pitanje u razvoju lokalne zajednice, napose kada je riječ o otoku koji je pod snažnim utjecajem ograničenosti prostora. Namjera je rada ukazati na čimbenike koji su utjecali na evoluciju sekundarnog stanovanja na otoku Čiovu kao i na posljedice tog fenomena. Za potrebe ovog istraživanja prikupljena je dokumentacija turističke zajednice, fotodokumentacija i provedeni su polustrukturirani dubinski intervjui s mjesnim informatorima. Na osnovu podataka autori su evoluciju sekundarnog stanovanja na Čiovu podijelili u pet osnovnih faza, koje kronološki prate razvoj fenomena od 1960-ih godina do suvremenog razdoblja. Tijekom različitih faza mijenjali su se motivi odabira Okruga Gornjeg kao destinacije za sekundarno stanovanje – od očuvanosti okoliša, ugodne klime, mira, zatim prenamjene drugog doma u primarni dom i u suvremenom razdoblju do shvaćanja drugog doma kao investicije i potvrde društvenog statusa. Zaključuje se na osnovu intervjua da su promjene i razvoj sekundarnog stanovanja ocijenjeni uglavnom pozitivno.The authors start from the premise that the presence of second homes is an important development issue in local communities, especially those with clear spatial and demographic limitations, such as island communities. The purpose of this paper is to point out the factors that have influenced the evolution and growth of second homes on the Croatian island of Čiovo as well as the consequences of this phenomenon. The study is based on data collected from multiple sources: the tourist board statistics, photographs and semi-structured in-depth interviews with the locals. Based on our findings, we divided the evolution of second homes on Čiovo into five stages, from the 1960s beginnings to modern-day rapid growth. At various stages different motives can be observed behind the selection of Okrug Gornji for second homes. At first, it was mostly because of the well preserved nature, pleasant climate and peaceful atmosphere of the island. Later, more future oriented motivation for obtaining second homes came into focus, such as the possibility to convert them into primary residence later in life. Also, it was a financial investment and a way to show a higher social status. In conclusion, the interviews show that changes and developments connected with the second home growth in Okrug Gornji are generally described in positive terms

National curriculum review reports

National Curriculum Review Reports will be produced for each consortium country in M8. This deliverable will draw on the content/textual analysis of school curricula and textbooks on subjects covering issues of national history, cultural heritage, identity and citizenship