Rôle des peptides natriurétiques dans la régulation de l'homéostasie glucidique

Il est maintenant bien établi que les niveaux circulants de peptides natriurétiques (PN) sont diminués lors de l'obésité et qu'une faible quantité est associée avec le développement futur d'un diabète de type 2 (DT2). Cependant aucune étude n'a à ce jour démontré un lien causal et mécanistique entre l'activité biologique des PN et le développement du DT2. Le but de cette thèse est d'étudier le rôle des PN au niveau du tissu adipeux et du muscle squelettique dans un contexte d'obésité et de DT2. Nous avons étudié dans un premier volet le lien entre expression et signalisation du système PN dans le tissu adipeux humain et l'insulinosensibilité. Nous avons pu montrer que l'expression du NPRA dans le tissu adipeux humain corrèle négativement avec l'insulinosensibilité et positivement avec l'expression de gènes impliqués dans la régulation du métabolisme glucidique adipocytaire. L'expression du NPRA diminue avec le grade d'obésité, le prédiabète et le diabète de type 2. Nous avons également mis en évidence un nouveau rôle biologique des PN en montrant qu'ils stimulent spécifiquement le transport de glucose dans l'adipocyte humain. Le mécanisme moléculaire implique l'activation de la signalisation d'Akt de manière GMPc-dépendante. Nous avons dans un deuxième volet mis en évidence que l'expression protéique du NPRA musculaire humain corrèle positivement avec la sensibilité à l'insuline systémique et est très diminuée chez les individus obèses. L'expression du récepteur de clairance aux PN (NPRC) est quant à lui plus élevé dans les muscles de sujets DT2. Ces résultats sont retrouvés chez la souris obèse/diabétique. De plus, nous avons montré qu'une perfusion chronique de BNP chez ces souris améliore leur contrôle glycémique ainsi que leur sensibilité à l'insuline. L'amélioration du métabolisme glucidique chez la souris DT2 s'accompagne d'une diminution de l'accumulation d'espèces lipotoxiques et d'une augmentation de la capacité oxydative lipidique musculaire. Ces résultats sont également reproduits sur des cellules musculaires humaines où un traitement chronique aux PN protège partiellement de la lipotoxicité induite par le palmitate. En résumé, cette thèse révèle que l'expression et l'activation du NPRA au niveau des muscles squelettiques et des adipocytes humains déterminent en partie la sensibilité à l'insuline et jouent un rôle clé dans le maintien de l'homéostasie glucidique.Natriuretic peptides (NP) levels are reduced in obesity and predict the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Since skeletal muscle was recently shown as a key target tissue of NP, we aimed to investigate adipose and muscle NP receptor (NPR) signaling in the context of obesity and T2D. So, we studied control of glucose metabolism in adipocyte. We firstly demonstrated that NPRA expression is positively correlated with de novo lipogenesis gene expression in human adipose tissue. Then, we showed acute NP treatment in human adipocyte increase glucose uptake and oxidation in a p38 MAPK dependent manner. In parallel to this work, we found that muscle NPRA correlated positively with whole-body insulin sensitivity in humans, and was strikingly down-regulated in obese subjects and recovered in response to diet-induced weight loss. In addition, muscle NP clearance receptor (NPRC) increased in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and T2D. Similar results were found in obese diabetic mice. Although no acute effect of BNP on insulin sensitivity was observed in lean mice, chronic BNP infusion improved blood glucose control and insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle of obese and diabetic mice. This occurred in parallel of a reduced lipotoxic pressure in skeletal muscle due to an up­regulation of lipid oxidative capacity. In addition, chronic NP treatment in human primary myotubes increased lipid oxidation and reduced palmitate-induced lipotoxicity. Collectively, our data show that activation of NPRA signaling in skeletal muscle is important for the maintenance of long-term insulin sensitivity by decreasing lipotoxic pressure in skeletal muscle and by increasing glucose utilization in adipocytes

The Student Aerospace Challenge: a european multidisciplinary contest and tertiary educational programme

Inspired by the first successful tests of a private manned spaceplane in 2004, the Student Aerospace Challenge was created in 2006 by the European Astronaut Club and its partners - Dassault Aviation, the European Space Agency, the International Astronautical Federation, Safran and Thales at the time - to allow European university students to explore some aspects of manned suborbital vehicles. Until 2020, the Challenge focused on a local reusable vehicle reaching Mach 3.5 and an altitude of 100 km. Since the 15th edition, to better respond to the evolution of the sector, a second vehicle is proposed: a hypersonic vehicle dedicated to point-to-point transportation taking, for example, less than two hours to travel from Barcelona to Tokyo. Each year, the Steering Committee defines several work packages corresponding to a large variety of study domains realistically related to this type of innovative vehicles like aerodynamic and flight control, structure, reusable propulsion, airworthiness, promotion, market analysis, legal frame & medicine. The introduction of a second vehicle having a quite different mission led the Committee to introduce dedicated topics. In addition, for the current edition, a new work package was proposed to cover potential applications of suborbital flights other than carrying passengers. In function of their background and interest, European University students have the opportunity to work, during several months, on a topic related to one of the work packages and to explore new solutions. Proposed projects should be technically realistic, economically viable and environmentally friendly. Reports and posters issued by student teams are evaluated by the Steering Committee some weeks before the “Suborbital Day”, a dedicated event organised like a mini-symposium, usually on-site where students present orally their projects and meet representatives of the different partners. The best-quoted projects are rewarded with prizes, among them, the ESA Grand Prize offering the winner team the unique opportunity to present their project in an appropriate European space-related event. To date, 216 teams and 998 University students coming from all over Europe already took part in the Student Aerospace Challenge, a motivating and ambitious multidisciplinary educational programme. Their participation allowed them to complement their knowledge, learn new skills and enlarge their network in the space secto

Spirulina liquid extract prevents glucose intolerance and NAFLD in mouse

International audienc

Spirulina liquid extract prevents glucose intolerance and NAFLD in mouse

International audienc

Spirulina Liquid Extract Protects against Fibrosis Related to Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Increases Ursodeoxycholic Acid

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by an excess of lipids and oxidative stress in the liver. Spirulina was reported to possess hypolipemic and antioxidative effects and might counteract NASH development. C57Bl/6J mice were fed a western diet (WD) during 25 weeks with or without spirulina liquid extract (SLE) at 2 different doses (WDS1 and WDS2 groups) in drinking water. Liver histology, inflammation, and oxidative stress were assessed as well as glucose tolerance status, lipid metabolism, and gallbladder bile acid profile. WDS2 gained significantly less weight than WD. Liver weight-to-body weight ratio and plasma alanine aminotransferase were significantly lower in WDS2 mice. A reduced liver fibrosis and NFκBp65 protein expression were measured in the supplemented group as a lower accumulation of superoxide anion, nitric oxide, and thiobarbituric reactive substances. WDS2 mice showed also a preserved glucose tolerance, a strong decrease of plasma cholesterol, and a significant increase of gallbladder ursodeoxycholic acid and β-muricholic acid. Our findings demonstrate a protective effect of SLE against WD induced NASH that is related to less inflammation and oxidative stress, a preserved glucose tolerance, and less hepatotoxic bile acid profile

Natriuretic peptides promote glucose uptake in a cGMP-dependent manner in human adipocytes

Abstract Robust associations between low plasma level of natriuretic peptides (NP) and increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) have been recently reported in humans. Adipose tissue (AT) is a known target of NP. However it is unknown whether NP signalling in human AT relates to insulin sensitivity and modulates glucose metabolism. We here show in two European cohorts that the NP receptor guanylyl cyclase-A (GC-A) expression in subcutaneous AT was down-regulated as a function of obesity grade while adipose NP clearance receptor (NPRC) was up-regulated. Adipose GC-A mRNA level was down-regulated in prediabetes and T2D, and negatively correlated with HOMA-IR and fasting blood glucose. We show for the first time that NP promote glucose uptake in a dose-dependent manner. This effect is reduced in adipocytes of obese individuals. NP activate mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1/2 (mTORC1/2) and Akt signalling. These effects were totally abrogated by inhibition of cGMP-dependent protein kinase and mTORC1/2 by rapamycin. We further show that NP treatment favoured glucose oxidation and de novo lipogenesis independently of significant gene regulation. Collectively, our data support a role for NP in blood glucose control and insulin sensitivity by increasing glucose uptake in human adipocytes. This effect is partly blunted in obesity

Carrot Supplementation Improves Blood Pressure and Reduces Aortic Root Lesions in an Atherosclerosis-Prone Genetic Mouse Model

International audienceEpidemiological studies have shown that carrot consumption may be associated with a lower risk of developing several metabolic dysfunctions. Our group previously determined that the Bolero (Bo) carrot variety exhibited vascular and hepatic tropism using cellular models of cardiometabolic diseases. The present study evaluated the potential metabolic and cardiovascular protective effect of Bo, grown under two conditions (standard and biotic stress conditions (BoBS)), in apolipoprotein E-knockout (ApoE−/−) mice fed with high fat diet (HFD). Effects on metabolic/hemodynamic parameters and on atherosclerotic lesions have been assessed. Both Bo and BoBS decreased plasma triglyceride and expression levels of genes implicated in hepatic de novo lipogenesis and lipid oxidation. BoBS supplementation decreased body weight gain, secretion of very-low-density lipoprotein, and increased cecal propionate content. Interestingly, Bo and BoBS supplementation improved hemodynamic parameters by decreasing systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure. Moreover, Bo improved cardiac output. Finally, Bo and BoBS substantially reduced the aortic root lesion area. These results showed that Bo and BoBS enriched diets corrected most of the metabolic and cardiovascular disorders in an atherosclerosis-prone genetic mouse model and may therefore represent an interesting nutritional approach for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases

Apple Supplementation Improves Hemodynamic Parameter and Attenuates Atherosclerosis in High-Fat Diet-Fed Apolipoprotein E-Knockout Mice

International audienceEpidemiological studies describe the association between apple consumption and improved cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction. Our recent multiparametric screening on cellular model studies has shown that apples exhibit vascular tropism including Granny Smith (GS) variety independently of the storage condition. The present study aimed to evaluate the cardiovascular and metabolic protection of supplementation of GS variety after storage in classic cold (GSCC) and extreme ultra-low oxygen conditions (GSXO) in the apolipoprotein E-deficient 8-week-old mice fed with high fat diet for 14 weeks. Supplementation with GSCC and GXO decreases circulating triglycerides, the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis, without change in cholesterol and glucose concentrations and HOMA-IR. Only GSXO supplementation ameliorates body weight gain, insulin level, and HDL/LDL ratio. GSXO supplementation does not modify cardiac parameters; while supplementation with GSCC decreases heart rate and improves cardiac output. Interestingly, GSCC and GSXO reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure with a differential time course of action. These effects are associated with substantial decrease of atherosclerotic lesions. These data reinforce the knowledge about the vascular tropism of apple supplementation and underscore their ability to improve both cardiovascular and metabolic alterations in a mouse model of atherosclerosis