Strukturmodeli zur Vorherbestimmung von Verenderungen praventiver Verhaltensformen bezuglich AIDS

U radu je izložen strukturalni model za predikciju promjena preventivnih ponašanja u svezi s AIDS-om kod mladih ljudi. Model je evaluiran pomoću procjena maksimalne vjerojatnosti, dobivenih uporabom računalnog programa LISRELVII. Egzogene varijable u modelu su: socio-ekonomski status, demografski status i dob. Model pretpostavlja da ove varijable uzrokuju znanje i stavove o AIDS-u koji, u nastavku procesa, uzrokuju percepciju osobne ugroženosti. Pretpostavljeno je da posljednja varijabla uzrokuje promjene u ponašanju koje imaju za cilj prevenciju AIDS-a. Model je testiran na četiri nezavisna uzorka, svaki od po N=200 mladih osoba. Sest od sedam indeksa podudarnosti sugeriraju prihvatljivu podudarnost modela s empirijskim podacima. Raspravljene su posljedice za prevenciju AIDS-a.A structural model for prediction of AIDS-relevant behavioral changes in young people was developed and evaluated by using full information maximum likelihood estimates obtained from LISRELVII computer program. Exogenous variables in the model are: soci o-economic status, demographic status, and age. The model holds that these variables determine AIDS-relevant knowledge and attitudes, which in turn cause perception of personal susceptibility to harm. The latter variable causes AIDS-preventive behavioral changes. The model was tested on four independent samples, each consisting of N=200 young individuals. Six out of seven goodness-of-fit indices suggest acceptable fit of the model. Implications for AIDS-prevention programs are discussed.Die Arbeit prčisentiert ein StrukturmodelI zur Vorherbestimmung prčiventiver Verhaltensformen junger Menschen bezOglich AIDS. Die Auswertung des Modells erfolgte mit Hilfe von Einschčitzungen maximaler Wahrscheinlichkeit, die durch das Computerprogramm LISRELVII ermittelt wurden. Exogene Variablen im Modeli sind: der sozio-čkonornische Status, der demographische Status und das Alter. Das Modeli geht davon aus, daB diese Varia bien einen bestimmten Wissensstand und eine bestimmte Einstellung bezOglich AIDS hervorrufen, welche in der Folge die Perzeption der eigenen Gefčihrdung beeinflussen. Man nimmt an, daB die le1ztgenannte Variable Verhaltensčinderungen bewirkt, die eine Vorbeugung gegen AIDS zum Ziel haben. Das Modeli wurde an vier voneinander unabhčingigen Personengruppen getestet (N = 200 Jugendliche). Sechs von sieben Koinzidenz-Indexen suggerieren, daB das Modeli auf eine akzeptable Weise mit empirischen Daten Obereinstimmt. AbschlieBend werden die Folgen der AIDS-Prčivention er6rtert

Strukturmodeli zur Vorherbestimmung von Verenderungen praventiver Verhaltensformen bezuglich AIDS

U radu je izložen strukturalni model za predikciju promjena preventivnih ponašanja u svezi s AIDS-om kod mladih ljudi. Model je evaluiran pomoću procjena maksimalne vjerojatnosti, dobivenih uporabom računalnog programa LISRELVII. Egzogene varijable u modelu su: socio-ekonomski status, demografski status i dob. Model pretpostavlja da ove varijable uzrokuju znanje i stavove o AIDS-u koji, u nastavku procesa, uzrokuju percepciju osobne ugroženosti. Pretpostavljeno je da posljednja varijabla uzrokuje promjene u ponašanju koje imaju za cilj prevenciju AIDS-a. Model je testiran na četiri nezavisna uzorka, svaki od po N=200 mladih osoba. Sest od sedam indeksa podudarnosti sugeriraju prihvatljivu podudarnost modela s empirijskim podacima. Raspravljene su posljedice za prevenciju AIDS-a.A structural model for prediction of AIDS-relevant behavioral changes in young people was developed and evaluated by using full information maximum likelihood estimates obtained from LISRELVII computer program. Exogenous variables in the model are: soci o-economic status, demographic status, and age. The model holds that these variables determine AIDS-relevant knowledge and attitudes, which in turn cause perception of personal susceptibility to harm. The latter variable causes AIDS-preventive behavioral changes. The model was tested on four independent samples, each consisting of N=200 young individuals. Six out of seven goodness-of-fit indices suggest acceptable fit of the model. Implications for AIDS-prevention programs are discussed.Die Arbeit prčisentiert ein StrukturmodelI zur Vorherbestimmung prčiventiver Verhaltensformen junger Menschen bezOglich AIDS. Die Auswertung des Modells erfolgte mit Hilfe von Einschčitzungen maximaler Wahrscheinlichkeit, die durch das Computerprogramm LISRELVII ermittelt wurden. Exogene Variablen im Modeli sind: der sozio-čkonornische Status, der demographische Status und das Alter. Das Modeli geht davon aus, daB diese Varia bien einen bestimmten Wissensstand und eine bestimmte Einstellung bezOglich AIDS hervorrufen, welche in der Folge die Perzeption der eigenen Gefčihrdung beeinflussen. Man nimmt an, daB die le1ztgenannte Variable Verhaltensčinderungen bewirkt, die eine Vorbeugung gegen AIDS zum Ziel haben. Das Modeli wurde an vier voneinander unabhčingigen Personengruppen getestet (N = 200 Jugendliche). Sechs von sieben Koinzidenz-Indexen suggerieren, daB das Modeli auf eine akzeptable Weise mit empirischen Daten Obereinstimmt. AbschlieBend werden die Folgen der AIDS-Prčivention er6rtert

Strukturmodell zur Vorherbestimmung von Veraenderungen praeventiver Verhaltensformen bezueglich AIDS

A structural model for prediction of AIDS-relevant behavioral changes in young people was developed and evaluated by using full information maximum likelihood estimates obtained from LISREL VII computer program. Exogenous variables in the model are: socio-economic status, demographic status, and age. The model holds that these variables determine AIDS-relevant knowledge and attitudes, which in turn cause perception of personal susceptibility to harm. The latter variable causes AIDS-preventive behavioral changes. The model was tested on four independent samples, each consisting of N=200 young individuals. Six out of seven goodness-of-fit indices suggest acceptable fit of the model. Implications for AIDS-prevention programs are discussed.U radu je izložen strukturalni model za predikciju promjena preventivnih ponašanja u svezi s AIDS-om kod mladih ljudi. Model je evaluiran pomoću procjena maksimalne vjerojatnosti, dobivenih uporabom računalnog programa LISREL VII. Egzogene varijable u modelu su: socio-ekonomski status, demografski status i dob. Model pretpostavlja da ove varijable uzrokuju znanje i stavove o AIDS-u koji, u nastavku procesa, uzrokuju percepciju osobne ugroženosti. Pretpostavljeno je da posljednja varijabla uzrokuje promjene u ponašanju koje imaju za cilj prevenciju AIDS-a. Model je testiran na četiri nezavisna uzorka, svaki od po N=200 mladih osoba. Sest od sedam indeksa podudarnosti sugeriraju prihvatljivu podudarnost modela s empirijskim podacima. Raspravljene su posljedice za prevenciju AIDS-a.Die Arbeit praesentiert ein Strukturmodell zur Vorherbestimmung praeventiver Verhaltensformen junger Menschen bezueglich AIDS. Die Auswertung des Modells erfolgte mit Hilfe von Einschaetzungen maximaler Wahrscheinlichkeit, die durch das Computerprogramm LISREL VII ermittelt wurden. Exogene Variablen im Modell sind: der sozio-oekonomische Status, der demographische Status und das Alter. Das Modell geht davon aus, dass diese Variablen einen bestimmten Wissensstand und eine bestimmte Einstellung bezueglich AIDS hervorrufen, welche in der Folge die Perzeption der eigenen Gefaehrdung beeinflussen. Man nimmt an, dass die letztgenannte Variable Verhaltensaenderungen bewirkt, die eine Vorbeugung gegen AIDS zum Ziel haben. Das Modell wurde an vier voneinander unabhaengigen Personengruppen getestet (N = 200 Jugendliche). Sechs von sieben Koinzidenz-Indexen suggerieren, dass das Modell auf eine akzeptable Weise mit empirischen Daten Obereinstimmt. AbschlieBend werden die Folgen der AIDS-Praevention eroertert

Predicting AIDS-induced behavioral change in the general population of young people

Sets of individual-psychological and sociodemographic variables for predicting self-reported AIDS-relevant behavioral change were examined. The self-completing questionnaire used in the study contained scales of knowledge and attitudes about AIDS, sex and drug abuse experience scales, and six behavioral change scales. It was anonymously administered to 2,655 young people of both sexes, 15-30 years of age, living in 18 cities and towns, regularly employed or attending school. The overall level of knowledge was high and the attitudes moderately liberal. Regression analyses showed that only a small fraction of variance in any of the six behavioral change criteria (sex, drugs, personal concern chance of contracting the disease, desire for more knowledge, and nonfunctional practices) could be attributed to the four predictors presumed to influence the criteria directly (sex risk index, drugs risk index knowledge, and attitudes). The prediction improved when another 10 variables with assumed indirect influence were included. Socioeconomic status and the drug abuse risk index were most predictive of behavior change. Knowledge and attitudes proved to be poor predictors. It is stressed that the social and cultural specifics in planning prevention activities must be observed

Životne, prehrambene navike i stavovi studenata druge godine studija veterinarske medicine

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je steći uvid u životne i prehrambene navike te stavove studenata veterinarske medicine. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 275 studenata (83,33% upisanih studenata tijekom tri akademske godine). Upitnik je sadržavao podatke o antropometrijskim mjerama te pitanja gdje se ispitanici hrane i koliko obroka dnevno uzimanju, učestalost konzumiranja mesa, povrća, mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda, tekućine, stupanj tjelesne aktivnosti, učestalost konzumiranja alkohola, kave, cigareta i energetskih pića te stavove o pretilosti i utjecaju studiranja na fizičko zdravlje. Prosječne vrijednosti tjelesne mase, visine i indeksa tjelesne mase veće su kod muških ispitanika, dokse oko 19% studentica smatra pretilim. Studenti konzumiraju više obroka dnevno, jedu više mesa i piju više tekućine od studentica. Ispitanici konzumiraju ribu više puta tjedno kao i mlijeko i mliječne proizvode. Većina ispitanika konzumira alkohol, dok kavu, cigarete te energetske napitke konzumiraju ograničeno. Većina ispitanika procjenjuje da obveze tijekom studiranja utječu na njihovo fizičko zdravlje. Fizička aktivnost u osoba ove dobi trebala bi biti izraženija, a konzumacija alkohola i kave manja. Životne i prehrambene navike te stavovi različiti su ovisno o spolu ispitanika

Životne, prehrambene navike i stavovi studenata druge godine studija veterinarske medicine

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je steći uvid u životne i prehrambene navike te stavove studenata veterinarske medicine. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 275 studenata (83,33% upisanih studenata tijekom tri akademske godine). Upitnik je sadržavao podatke o antropometrijskim mjerama te pitanja gdje se ispitanici hrane i koliko obroka dnevno uzimanju, učestalost konzumiranja mesa, povrća, mlijeka i mliječnih proizvoda, tekućine, stupanj tjelesne aktivnosti, učestalost konzumiranja alkohola, kave, cigareta i energetskih pića te stavove o pretilosti i utjecaju studiranja na fizičko zdravlje. Prosječne vrijednosti tjelesne mase, visine i indeksa tjelesne mase veće su kod muških ispitanika, dokse oko 19% studentica smatra pretilim. Studenti konzumiraju više obroka dnevno, jedu više mesa i piju više tekućine od studentica. Ispitanici konzumiraju ribu više puta tjedno kao i mlijeko i mliječne proizvode. Većina ispitanika konzumira alkohol, dok kavu, cigarete te energetske napitke konzumiraju ograničeno. Većina ispitanika procjenjuje da obveze tijekom studiranja utječu na njihovo fizičko zdravlje. Fizička aktivnost u osoba ove dobi trebala bi biti izraženija, a konzumacija alkohola i kave manja. Životne i prehrambene navike te stavovi različiti su ovisno o spolu ispitanika

Pathology of canine herpesvirus infection

Pseća je herpesviroza globalno prisutna virusna zarazna bolest prouzročena psećim herpesvirusom 1 (Canid alphaherpesvirus-1; CHV). Infekcija ovim virusom ima dvije faze: litičku i latentnu. Sam ishod infekcije uvelike ovisi o dobi i razvijenosti imunološkog sustava psa. Najznačajnija patološka posljedica pseće herpesviroze je liza endotelnih stanica i epitelnih stanica više organskih sustava koja se pojavljuje u imunodeficijentnih štenaca. Zbog pantropizma CHV-a, posljedica infekcije je nekrohemoragična upala mnogobrojnih organa zbog koje štenci nerijetko i ugibaju. U imunokompetentnih starijih pasa, iako često asimptomatska, litička infekcija može biti i smrtonosna. Klinički simptomi uključuju infekcije dišnog i spolnog sustava i očiju. Najčešće prisutna lezija očiju je konjunktivitis, ali mogu se pojaviti i ulceracije, petehijalna krvarenja i eksudativni blefaritis s krustama i alopecijom. Utjecaj CHV-a na respiratorni sustav rezultira blagim rinitisom, faringitisom i traheobronhitisom, iznimno pneumonijom. CHV se često povezuje i sa zaraznim traheobronhitisom u pasa, tzv. ‘’kašaljem štenare’’. Infekcija spolnog sustava ograničena je na hiperemiju vagine ili prepucija s hiperplastičnim limfoidnim folikulima te papulovezikularnim lezijama, ali se smatra najvažnijim izvorom infekcije za štenad pri porođaju. Prestankom kliničkih simptoma CHV prelazi u fazu latencije u živčanim ganglijima te se na taj način trajno zadržava u domaćinu. Prilikom stresa i imunosupresije latentni se CHV virus može reaktivirati i uspostaviti litičku fazu. Time se virus ponovno počinje replicirati i izlučivati, a oboljeli pas se mora isključiti iz uzgoja jer predstavlja izvor daljnjeg širenja virusa. Ipak, primjenom cjepiva u gravidnih kuja moguće je zaštititi novorođenu štenad te spriječiti teške posljedice herpesviroze u pasa.Canine alphaherpesvirus-1 (CHV) is a globally present virus causing infectious disease in dogs. The outcome of CHV infection depends significantly on the age and immune system development of the dog and occurs in two phases: lytic and latent. Due to the pantropism of CHV, lysis occurs in the endothelium and epithelium of various organ systems, causing necrohaemorrhagic inflammation and frequently death in immunodeficient puppies. Lytic infection produces reduced or silent symptoms in older, immunocompetent dogs, although it can occasionally be fatal. Clinical signs of infection appear in the ocular, reproductive, and respiratory systems. The most typical eye lesion is conjunctivitis, though other conditions such as ulcers, petechial haemorrhages, exudative blepharitis with crusts, and alopecia can also occur. When CHV affects the respiratory system, it can cause mild rhinitis, pharyngitis, and tracheobronchitis, as well as severe pneumonia. The virus is also frequently linked to infectious tracheobronchitis in dogs, or “kennel cough.” Although infection of the reproductive system is restricted to hyperaemia of the vagina or prepuce with hyperplastic lymphoid follicles and papulovesicular lesions, it is thought to be the most significant source of infection for puppies after birth. After the onset of clinical symptoms, CHV enters the latency phase in the nerve ganglia, where it remains in the host indefinitely. During times of stress and immunosuppression in dogs, the latent CHV virus can occasionally reactivate and establisha lytic phase, at which point it resumes replication and shedding. These CHV latency effects are a significant problem since the affected dog is permanently infected, cannot be bred, and is always a source of possible virus outbreak. Although death ensuing from CHV infection is the worst conceivable consequence, immunisation of pregnant females can protect newborn puppies and breeders from this outcome

Interspecies transmission of porcine-originated G4P[6] rotavirus A between pigs and humans: a synchronized spatiotemporal approach

As a leading viral cause of acute gastroenteritis in both humans and pigs, rotavirus A (RVA) poses a potential public health concern. Although zoonotic spillover of porcine RVA strains to humans is sporadic, it has been detected worldwide. The origin of chimeric human–animal strains of RVA is closely linked to the crucial role of mixed genotypes in driving reassortment and homologous recombination, which play a major role in shaping the genetic diversity of RVA. To better understand how genetically intertwined porcine and zoonotic human-derived G4P[6] RVA strains are, the present study employed a spatiotemporal approach to whole-genome characterization of RVA strains collected during three consecutive RVA seasons in Croatia (2018–2021). Notably, sampled children under 2 years of age and weanling piglets with diarrhea were included in the study. In addition to samples tested by real-time RT-PCR, genotyping of VP7 and VP4 gene segments was conducted. The unusual genotype combinations detected in the initial screening, including three human and three porcine G4P[6] strains, were subjected to next-generation sequencing, followed by phylogenetic analysis of all gene segments, and intragenic recombination analysis. Results showed a porcine or porcine-like origin for each of the eleven gene segments in all six RVA strains. The G4P[6] RVA strains detected in children most likely resulted from porcine-to-human interspecies transmission. Furthermore, the genetic diversity of Croatian porcine and porcine-like human G4P[6] strains was propelled by reassortment events between porcine and porcine-like human G4P[6] RVA strains, along with homologous intragenotype and intergenotype recombinations in VP4, NSP1, and NSP3 segments. Described concurrent spatiotemporal approach in investigating autochthonous human and animal RVA strains is essential in drawing relevant conclusions about their phylogeographical relationship. Therefore, continuous surveillance of RVA, following the One Health principles, may provide relevant data for assessing the impact on the protectiveness of currently available vaccines

Diagnostic Significance of Routine Urinalysis in Dogs

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je usporedba koncentracije deset markera biološke aktivnosti (biomarkera) u šest različitih tekućih ekstrakata propolisa, alkoholnih (EEP1-3) i bezalkoholnih (BEP1-3), s antimikrobnim i antioksidativnim učinkom. Koncentracija deset biomarkera utvrđena je metodom tekućinske kromatografije visoke djelotvornosti s UV-Vis detektorom (HPLC). U obje vrste otopina (EEP i BEP) najzastupljeniji biomarkeri jesu p-kumarinska i trans-ferulinska kiselina, dok su kempferol i trans-cimetna kiselina najmanje zastupljeni biomarkeri. Koncentracija najzastupljenijih biomarkera veća je u BEP-a, nego u EEP-a. Nije utvrđena povezanost koncentracije biomarkera i postotka otopljenog propolisa u obje vrste tekućih ekstrakata propolisa. Antimikrobni učinak šest ekstrakata propolisa određen je mjerenjem MIK-a i MBEK-a. Najbolji antimikrobni učinak (najniže vrijednosti MIK80 i MBEK) ima bezalkoholni ekstrakt BEP3. Provođenjem FRAP i DPPH metode određen je antioksidativni učinak ekstrakata propolisa. U ovom istraživanju BEP u odnosu na EEP, općenito su pokazali bolji antioksidativni učinak (osim BEP2).The aim of this study was to compare the concentration of ten markers of biological activity (biomarkers) in six different liquid propolis extracts, alcoholic (EEP1-3) and non-alcoholic (BEP1-3), with antimicrobial and antioxidant effects. The concentration of ten biomarkers was determined by high performance liquid chromatography with a UV-Vis detector (HPLC). In both types of solutions (EEP and BEP) the most common biomarkers are p-coumaric and trans-ferulic acid, while kaempferol and trans-cinnamic acid are the least represented biomarkers. The concentration of the most common biomarkers is higher in BEPs than in EEPs. No association was found between the biomarker concentration and the percentage of dissolved propolis in both types of liquid propolis extracts. The antimicrobial effect of six propolis extracts was determined by measuring MIK and MBEC. The best antimicrobial effect (lowest values of MIK80 and MBEC) was shown by non-alcoholic extract of BEP3. The antioxidant effect of propolis extracts was determined by performing FRAP and DPPH methods. In this study, BEP compared to EEP, generally showed a better antioxidant effect (except BEP2)