Submontane Beech Forests of Illyria

Es wurde festgestellt, dass illyrische submontane Buchenwälder eine ähnliche floristische Zusammensetzung wie diejenigen in Mitteleuropa haben. Aber dazu enthalten sie viele illyricoide Pflanzen, die ihnen eine besondere Stellung in der Hierarchie der Synsy- stematik der Buchenwälder Europas sichern. So sind sie zurecht ins Epimedio-Fagenion und weiter ins Aremonio-Fagion eingereiht worden. Im Gebiet der illyrischen Florenprovinz sind drei Assoziationen der submontanen Buchenwälder beschrieben worden: das Hacquetio-Fagetum, das Vicio oroboidi-Fagetum die auch extrazonal in Pannonien erscheinen und das Melico nutantis-Fagetum. Das Omitbogalo pyrenaici-Fagetum und Helleboro odori-Fegetum gedeihen in den benachbarten Gebieten Illyriens und man beurteilt sie als extrazonale illyrische Vegetation. Die Hauptassoziation der illyrischen submontanen Buchenwälder ist das Hacquetio-Fagetum, das in drei geographischen Varianten (Rassen) (Hacquetio-Fagetum var. geogr. Anemone trifolia, Hacquetio-Fagetum var. geogr. Geranium nodosum und Hacquetio-Fagetum var. geogr. Ruscus hypoglossum) zergliedert worden ist.Utvrđeno je da ilirske submontane bukove šume imaju sličan florni sastav kao i srednjoeuropske. Uz to one sadrže i nekoliko ilirikoidnih vrsta, koje im daju posebno mjesto u sinsistematskoj hijerarhiji europskih bukovih šuma. Stoga su one s pravom uvrštene u podsvezu Epimedio-Fagenion unutar sveze Aremonio-Fagion. Na području ilirske florne provincije opisane su tri asocijacije submontanih bukovih šuma: Hacquetio-Fagetum i Vicio oroboidi-Fagetum, koje se također pojavljuju ekstrazonalno u panonskom području te Melico nutantis-Fagetum. Asocijacije Ornithogalo pyrenaici-Fagetum i Helleboro odori-Fagetum uspijevaju u susjednim područjima pa ih se smatra ekstrazonalnom ilirskom vegetacijom. Glavnu asocijaciju ilirskih bukovih šuma predstavlja zajednica Hacquetio- Fagetum, unutar koje se razlikuju tri geografske varijante (Hacquetio-Fagetum var. geogr. Anemone trifolia, Hacquetio-Fagetum var. geogr. Geranium nodosum i Hacquetio-Fagetum var. geogr. Ruscus hypoglossum).The author presents a short survey of the history of synsystematics of submontane beech forest of Illyricum. Earlier, the main part of degraded submontane beech forests in lower locations were regarded as carpineta, while the well preserved beech forests were ascribed to the montane fageta. Only when detailed synchorological, syndynamical and oecological research of Illyric carpineta and submontane fageta was undertaken, also Illyric submontane beech forests were recognized as association. The author states that the Illyric-submontane beech forests consist of similar floristic components as those in Central Europe do. But in addition, they include several illyricoid taxa which place them in a particular position in the hierarchic synsystematics of European beech forests. For this reason they were rightly classified under the Epitnedio-Fagenion and further on under Aremonio-Fagion. In the area of the Illyric floral province, associations of submontane beech forests are described: Hacquetio-Fagetum, Vico oroboidi- Fagetum, wihich appear also extrazonally in Pannonia, and Melico nutantis- Fagetum. The Ornithogalo pyrenaici-Fagetum and Helleboro odori-Fagetum extend into the neighbouring areas of Illyricum and are regarded as extrazonal Illyrian vegetation. The main association of Illyric submontane beech forests is Hacquetio-Fa- getum, which is divided into three geographic variants (Hacquetio-Fagetum var. geogr. Anemone trifolia, Flacquetio-F agetum var. geogr. Geranium nodosum and Flacquetio-Fagetum var. geogr. Ruscus hypoglossum

Syntaxonomical Problems of Forest Association in Easternalpine-Dinaric Area

Die Verfasser nehmen zu einigen Bestimmungen des Kodex eine kritische Stellung, vor allem in Bezug auf die Kennarten und die binomische Benennung der Waldgesellschaften auf einer rein floristischen Grundlage. Aufgrund eines eingehenden Studiums zahlreicher pflanzensoziologischer Tabellen der entsprechenden klimazonalen Pflanzengesellschaften im ostalpin-dinarischem Raum sind sie zum Beschluss gekommen, dass ein konsequentes Verharren an nur einer oder an zwei Kennarten, durch die die Assoziation in pflanzensoziologischer Hinsicht definiert werden soll, und an der damit verbundenen binomischen Nomenklatur, zu einem betonten Subjektivismus mit allen negativen Folgen führen kann. Die Assoziation soll nicht nur durch eine oder zwei Kennarten gekennzeichnet sein, sondern durch mehrere Kennarten bzw. eine Kombination von Kenn- und Trennarten. Erlaubt sollte, wie bisher, auch eine trinomische Nomenklatur, vor allem auf einer floristischen oder floristisch- -ökologischen Grundlage, sein. Eine ökologische Benennung käme in Betracht, wenn eine Waldgesellschaft in pflanzengeographischer oder höhenmässiger Hinsicht gekennzeichnet ist.Autori zauzimaju kritički stav prema nekim odredbama Koda fitosociološke nomenklature, osobito s obzirom na karakteristične vrste i binominalno imenovanje šumskih zajednica isključivo na florističkoj osnovi. Na temelju proučavanja mnogobrojnih fitocenoloških tabela klimato- zonalnih zajednica istočnoalpsko-dinarskog područja autori su došli do zaključka da bi dosljedno insistiranje samo na jednoj ili dvjema karakterističnim vrstama, po kojima bi se definirala zajednica u fitoce- nološkom smislu i s tim u vezi binominalno imenovanje, lako dovelo do subjektivizma sa svim negativnim posljedicama. Predlaže se da se zajednica ne karakterizira samo jednom ili dvjema karakterističnim vrstama, već kombinacijom karakterističnih i diferencijalnih vrsta. Trebalo bi također dopustiti trinominalnu nomenklaturu u prvom redu na florističkoj osnovi ili kombinaciju florističko-ekoloških značajki. Imenovanje prema ekološkim značajkama došlo bi u obzir pri opisivanju zajednica značajnih za fitogeografsko područje ili visinski pojas.We maintain a critical attitude towards certain definitions of Code with special regard to characteristic species and binomial nomenclature of forest associations on the basis of floristic composition only. Having studied numerous phytocoenological tables of climatozonal associations in the Eastern-Alpine-Dinaric area, we came to the conclusion that strict persistence on one or two characteristic species by wich the association in phytocoenological sense should be defined, and consequently on merely binomial nomenclature, could lead to emphasized subjectivism with all its negative consequences. An association should not be defined only by one or two characteristic and differential species. Trinomial nomenclature should be permitted as well, especially on floristic basis or on combined floristic-ecological basis, as hitherto. Ecological nomenclature should be used when a forest association is defined in phytogeographical and in altitudinal terms

Ground beetle (Carabus variolosus Fabricius, 1787) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) on the area of Slovenske gorice

Močvirski krešič (Carabus variolosus Fabricius, 1787) je v Evropi ogrožena habitatska vrsta gozdnih potokov, saj njegovo življenjsko okolje naglo izginja. Uvrščen je na seznam Direktive o ohranjanju naravnih habitatov ter prosto živečih živalskih in rastlinskih vrst. V diplomskem delu sem na podlagi znanih dejstev o njegovi biologiji raziskala, v katerem habitatu v Slovenskih goricah najdemo močvirskega krešiča. Ugotavljala sem, v kolikšni meri vplivajo izbrani biotski in abiotski dejavniki na prisotnost in številčnost močvirskega krešiča na območju Radgonsko-Kapelskih goric in na območju ob Muri od Ceršaka do Sladkega Vrha. Dobljene podatke sem primerjala z rezultati študije habitata močvirskega krešiča, izvedene v Vestfaliji v Nemčiji (Matern in sod., 2007). Raziskava je obsegala zimsko pregledovanje prezimovališč in poletni popis s pomočjo talnih pasti. Ugotovila sem, da je močvirski krešič v Slovenskih goricah splošno prisoten ob manjših vodotokih (gozdni potoki, zamočvirjen gozd …). Vezan je na območja z višjo vlažnostjo tal in pH-vrednostjo tal blizu nevtralnega območja. V večjem številu se pojavlja na območjih z nižjim naklonom hriba na obeh bregovih potoka ter ob potokih s plitvo strugo, v gozdovih z večjo pokrovnostjo zeliščnega sloja, gostejšim sklepom krošenj in manjšo presvetljenostjo gozda, kjer od drevesnih vrst prevladujeta jelša in gaber. Glavni pogoj za izbiro oddaljenosti in najnižjo višino prezimovališča nad gladino vodnega vira je zadostna količina vlage skozi vso zimo ter zagotovilo, da ob večji količini padavin prezimovališča ne zalije voda.Močvirski krešič (Carabus variolosus Fabricius, 1787) is considered an endangered species in Europe as its natural habitat is disappearing rapidly. This species is listed in The Council Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora. In my diploma paper, I researched, based on the known facts of his biology, in what type of habitat Carabus variolosus can be found in the area of Slovenske gorice. I also researched in what extent selected biotic and abiotic factors influence the presence and abundance of Carabus variolosus in the area of Radgonsko-Kapelske gorice and in the area of river Mura from Ceršak to Sladki Vrh. I compared the acquired data with the results of the study of Carabus variolosus’ habitat that was carried out in Westphalia, Germany (Matern et al., 2007). The research consisted winter examination of wintering area and summer inventory with the help of pitfall trap. I discovered that Carabus variolosus is generally present at the smaller watercourses (forest streams, marshy woods, ...) in Slovenske gorice. It is bound to the areas with a higher humidity and pH-value of the soil close to neutral. A larger number of species appears in the areas with a low slope incline on both banks of a brook and near brooks with a shallow bed, in forests with a high herbal ground cover, a thicker canopy closure and a lower light intensity in forests where alder and hornbeam are predominant. The principle requirement for the choice of distance and the lowest altitude of wintering area above the surface of water source is a sufficient amount of humidity and the assurance that the wintering area does not get flooded during heavier rainfalls

Forecasting PM10 particles in Slovenia using neural networks

V diplomski nalogi smo se posvetili problematiki onesnaženosti zraka z delci PM10 in njihovemu vplivu na zdravje. Osredotočili smo se na primerjavo različnih modelov globokih nevronskih mrež (LSTM, CNN, MLP) in ansambelskega modela naključnih gozdov (RF) pri napovedovanju dnevne koncentracije delcev PM10. Uporabili smo meteorološke podatke in napovedi modela ECMWF za napovedovanje v Ljubljani, Celju, Zagorju in Kopru za današnji in jutrišnji dan. Za iskanje optimalnih hiperparametrov modelov smo uporabili metodo iskanja po mreži. Učinkovitost napovednih modelov smo ocenjevali s tremi metrikami: MAE, MAPE in RMSE. Ugotovili smo, da se je LSTM najbolje odrezal pri napovedih za današnji in še zlasti pri napovedih za jutrišnji dan. Rezultati so pokazali, da je med primerjanimi modeli LSTM najboljša izbira za napovedovanje delcev PM10, medtem ko so se drugi modeli odrezali različno glede na kraj in dan napovedi. MLP se je pričakovano odrezal najslabše, medtem ko je CNN presenetil z dobro uspešnostjo, zlasti pri napovedih za današnji dan. Diplomska naloga ponuja vpogled v učinkovitost uporabe globokih nevronskih mrež za napovedovanje onesnaženosti zraka ter prispeva k razumevanju, kako lahko različni modeli in metrike vplivajo na točnost napovedi.In this thesis, we focused on the prediction of air pollution in particularly with PM10. We concentrated on comparing various deep neural network models (LSTM, CNN, MLP) and the ensemble model random forests (RF) for predicting the daily concentration of PM10 particles. Data extracted from meteorological measurements and ECMWF model forecasts were used for PM10 predictions in Ljubljana, Celje, Zagorje, and Koper for the current and next day. To find the optimal hyperparameters of the models, we employed a grid search method. The effectiveness of the predictive models was evaluated using three metrics: MAE, MAPE, and RMSE. We found that LSTM performed best for predictions for today and was even more precise for predictions for tomorrow. The results showed that among the compared models, LSTM is the best choice for predicting PM10 concentrations, while other models varied in performance depending on the location and the day of prediction. As expected, MLP performed the worst, while CNN surprised with good efficiency, especially in today\u27s predictions. This thesis provides insight into the effectiveness of deep neural networks and for predicting air pollution and contributes to understanding how different models and metrics can affect the accuracy of predictions