O ENTENDIMENTO DE UMA PROPOSIÇÃO NO DOMÍNIO DA GRAMÁTICA

Wittgenstein divide a Gramática filosófica (1974/2003)1 em duas partes. A primeira trata de “A proposição e seu sentido” e a segunda apresenta uma investigação “Sobre a lógica e a matemática”. A primeira, cap. I, q. 1-13, aborda o tema sobre “entender uma proposição” relacionada às regras do jogo de xadrez. Este estudo analisa as 13 questões, com o objetivo de esclarecer o domínio do uso, na sentença, do conceito ‘entender’, no contexto da gramática, fazendo analogia com o uso das regras do xadrez, no tabuleiro

Antinoceptive and Anti-inflammatory Activities of the Ethanolic Extract, Fractions and Flavones Isolated from Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir (Leguminosae).

The bark of Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poiret (Leguminosae family), popularly known as "jurema preta" in Brazil, is used by the population of Contendas of Sincorá (Bahia State, Brazil) for the treatment of coughs and wound healing. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the bark ethanol extract (EEMT) and solvent soluble fractions (hexane-H, DCM-D, EtOAc-E and BuOH-B) of the extract in vivo. Additionally, we synthesized 5,7-dihidroxy-4'-methoxyflavanone (isosakuranetin) and isolated the compound sakuranetin, and both compounds were also tested. The anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive assays performed were: writhing test; nociception induced by intraplantar formalin injection; leukocyte recruitment to the peritoneal cavity; evaluation of vascular permeability (Evans blue test); and evaluation of mechanical hypernociception (von Frey test). Production of TNF-α, IL-10, myeloperoxidase and the expression of ICAM-1 were also evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-test (n = 8), with P < 0.05. The EEMT showed antinociceptive activities in writhing test (100-200 mg/kg), in the second phase of the formalin test (50-200 mg/kg), and in mechanical hypernociception (100 mg/kg). EEMT showed an anti-inflammatory effect by reducing neutrophil migration to the peritoneal cavity and in the plantar tissue detected by the reduction of myeloperoxidase activity (100 mg/kg), reduction of IL-10 levels and expression of ICAM-1 in the peritoneal exudate and the mesentery (100 mg/kg), respectively. The four soluble EEMT fractions showed good results in tests for antinociceptive (H, D, E, B) and anti-inflammation (H, D, E). Only sakuranetin showed reduction of the writhing and neutrophil migration (200 mg/kg). Thus, the EEMT and soluble fractions of M. tenuiflora bark demonstrated great antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, as also sakuranetin. More studies should be conducted to elucidate the mechanism of action of this compound. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the antinociceptive activity of the M. tenuiflora fractions and the bioactive isolated compound sakuranetin in vivo

Myeloproliferative syndrome of monosomy 7: a brief report

We report the case of a five-month-old black male infant who had recurrent episodes of respiratory infections and also presented anemia and enlargements of the spleen, liver and lymphnodes. Hematological analysis revealed morphological abnormalities with megaloblastic dyserythropoiesis, while fetal hemoglobin assaying showed normal levels. Conventional and molecular cytogenetic analysis revealed monosomy of chromosome 7. Despite all therapeutic efforts during allogenic bone marrow transplantation, the child died due to generalized infection. The clinical and genetic distinctions between monosomy 7 syndrome and myelodysplastic disorders in childhood are discussed

Isolation, pathogenicity and disinfection of Staphylococcus aureus carried by insects in two public hospitals of Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil

Currently, hospital infection is a serious public health problem, and several factors may influence the occurrence of these infections, including the presence of insects, which are carriers of multidrug-resistant bacterial species. The aim of this study was to isolate staphylococci carried by insects in two public hospitals of Vitoria da Conquista, Bahia and to identify the resistance profile, pathogenicity and efficacy of disinfection of the premises. A total of 91 insects were collected in 21 strategic points of these hospitals, and 32 isolated strains ofStaphylococcus aureus were isolated. Based on antibiogram and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration results, 95% of these strains were susceptible to oxacillin. These strains were also evaluated for the presence of resistance genes encoding resistance to oxacillin/methicillin by polymerase chain reaction, but the sample was negative for this gene. Pathogenicity tests were performed in vitro biofilm formation induced by glucose, where it was found that eight (27.58%) strains were classified as biofilm producers and 21 (72.4%) as stronger producers. In addition, we performed PCR for their virulence genes: Sea (enterotoxin A), SEB (B), Sec (C), PVL (Panton-Valentine Leukocidin), ClfA (clumping factor A) and Spa (protein A). Of these, Sea, Spa PVL were positive in 7 (21.8%), 2 (6.3%) and 1 (3.1%) samples, respectively. The analysis of cytokine induction in the inflammatory response of J774 macrophages by isolates from the two hospitals did not show statistical difference at the levels of IL-6, TNF-&#945;, IL-1 and IL-10 production. In addition, we verified the antimicrobial activity of disinfecting agents on these strains, quaternary ammonium, 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, 1% sodium hypochlorite, 2% sodium hypochlorite, 2% glutaraldehyde, Lysoform®, 70% alcohol solution of chlorhexidine digluconate, 2% peracetic acid, and 100% vinegar. Resistance was seen in only for the following two disinfectants: 70% alcohol in 31 (96.8%) samples tested and vinegar in 30 (93.8%) samples. The study demonstrated the presence of resistant and pathogenic organisms conveyed by insects, thus suggesting improvement in efforts to control these vectors

Effect of ethanolic extract of <i>M</i>. <i>tenuiflora</i> bark on neutrophil migration into the peritoneal cavity of mice pretreated subcutaneously 30 min prior to Cg injection (500 μg/cavity) to induce peritonitis.

<p>VH is the vehicle group (negative control). The ethanol extract of <i>M</i>. <i>tenuiflora</i> bark was tested at doses of 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg (s.c.). The results are presented as the mean ± S.D. (n = 8). Statistical significance was calculated by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's test. *<i>P</i> < 0.05 compared to the vehicle-negative control treated group.</p

Effect of the hexane (H), DCM (D), EtOAc (E) and BuOH (B) (100 mg/kg) soluble fractions of <i>M</i>. <i>tenuiflora</i> bark in the Evans blue (A) and Von Frey tests (B).

<p>VH is the vehicle group (negative control). The results are presented as the mean ± S.D. (n = 8). Statistical significance was calculated by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's test. *<i>P</i> < 0.05 compared to the vehicle-negative control treated group.</p

Effect of sakuranetin and synthetized isosakuranetin at a 200 mg/kg dose on acetic acid (0.6%)-induced writhing.

<p>Sakuranetin was tested at different doses (12.5–200 mg/kg) and compared to isosakuranetin. VH is the vehicle group (negative control). The results are presented as the mean ± S.D. (n = 8). Statistical significance was calculated by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's test. *<i>P</i> < 0.05 compared to the vehicle-negative control treated group.</p

Effect of the hexane (H) (200 mg/kg) and EtOAc (E) (50 mg/kg) <i>M</i>. <i>tenuiflora</i> bark extract fractions on neutrophil migration to the peritoneal cavity of mice after Cg administration.

<p>VH is the vehicle group (negative control). The results are presented as the mean ± S.D. (n = 8). Statistical significance was calculated by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's test. *<i>P</i> < 0.05 compared to the vehicle-negative control treated group.</p