Two RND proteins involved in heavy metal efflux in Caulobacter crescentus belong to separate clusters within proteobacteria

Abstract\ud \ud \ud \ud Background\ud \ud Heavy metal Resistance-Nodulation-Division (HME-RND) efflux systems help Gram-negative bacteria to keep the intracellular homeostasis under high metal concentrations. These proteins constitute the cytoplasmic membrane channel of the tripartite RND transport systems. Caulobacter crescentus NA1000 possess two HME-RND proteins, and the aim of this work was to determine their involvement in the response to cadmium, zinc, cobalt and nickel, and to analyze the phylogenetic distribution and characteristic signatures of orthologs of these two proteins.\ud \ud \ud \ud Results\ud \ud Expression assays of the czrCBA operon showed significant induction in the presence of cadmium and zinc, and moderate induction by cobalt and nickel. The nczCBA operon is highly induced in the presence of nickel and cobalt, moderately induced by zinc and not induced by cadmium. Analysis of the resistance phenotype of mutant strains showed that the ΔczrA strain is highly sensitive to cadmium, zinc and cobalt, but resistant to nickel. The ΔnczA strain and the double mutant strain showed reduced growth in the presence of all metals tested. Phylogenetic analysis of the C. crescentus HME-RND proteins showed that CzrA-like proteins, in contrast to those similar to NczA, are almost exclusively found in the Alphaproteobacteria group, and the characteristic protein signatures of each group were highlighted.\ud \ud \ud \ud Conclusions\ud \ud The czrCBA efflux system is involved mainly in response to cadmium and zinc with a secondary role in response to cobalt. The nczCBA efflux system is involved mainly in response to nickel and cobalt, with a secondary role in response to cadmium and zinc. CzrA belongs to the HME2 subfamily, which is almost exclusively found in the Alphaproteobacteria group, as shown by phylogenetic analysis. NczA belongs to the HME1 subfamily which is more widespread among diverse Proteobacteria groups. Each of these subfamilies present distinctive amino acid signatures.This work was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP). EYV was supported by doctoral fellowship from CNPq. VSB was supported by postdoctoral fellowship from FAPESP. MVM was partially supported by CNPq

Diagnóstico e atenção farmacêutica em pacientes com diabetes mellitus: uma revisão de literature

O objetivo é analisar o trabalho do farmacêutico no cenário da diabetes mellitus. Buscou-se descrever as principais ações que esse profissional possui no decorrer da Assistência Farmacêutica com pacientes diagnosticados com diabetes mellitus. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, com base em artigos científicos, teses e dissertações. O recorte temporal dos estudos se deu entre os anos de 2019 a 2023, na base de dados da Scielo, PubMed, LILACs e Google Acadêmico. Nos resultados encontrados, ficou claro que a Atenção Farmacêutica é eficaz no tratamento do diabetes mellitus. Foi observado que os farmacêuticos podem fornecer informações detalhadas sobre o diabetes mellitus, incluindo causas, sintomas, complicações e opções de tratamento. Eles podem ajudar os pacientes a entenderem seus medicamentos, incluindo como tomá-los corretamente, possíveis efeitos colaterais e interações medicamentosas. Eles também podem fornecer orientações sobre o armazenamento adequado dos medicamentos e a importância de não interromper o tratamento sem consultar um profissional de saúde. Conclui-se que a Atenção Farmacêutica desempenha um papel essencial no manejo eficaz do diabetes mellitus, melhorando a adesão ao tratamento, prevenindo complicações, capacitando os pacientes e promovendo melhores resultados de saúde de forma geral

Different forms of <i>Babesia divergens</i> in human RBCs as seen on a Giemsa-stained smear from <i>in vitro</i> cultured parasites (ring, dividing figure eights, Maltese cross parasites, and multiply infected RBCs).

<p>Different forms of <i>Babesia divergens</i> in human RBCs as seen on a Giemsa-stained smear from <i>in vitro</i> cultured parasites (ring, dividing figure eights, Maltese cross parasites, and multiply infected RBCs).</p