Analysis of influence of insulin resistance and metabolic determinants on cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

Uvod: Prethodne studije su ukazale na moguću ulogu snižene insulinske senzitivnosti i sekrecije u patogenezi Alchajmerove bolesti (AB) i blagog kognitivnog poremećaja (BKP), prelaznog stanja između normalnog procesa starenja i AB. Međutim, složeni mehanizmi kojima poremećaji insulinske senzitivnosti mogu ostvarivati svoj uticaj u nastanku kognitivne disfunkcije još uvek nisu do kraja proučeni. Cilj:Cilj rada je ispitivanje povezanosti insulinske rezistencije (IR) i metaboličkih parametara i ispoljavanja kognitivne disfunkcije u BKP i AB. Metode: U ispitivanje je uključeno 62 ispitanika sa AB (grupa A), 41 ispitanika sa BKP (grupa B) i 40 zdravih ispitanika (grupa C). U svakog bolesnika je evaluirano stanje insulinske senzitivnosti metodom hiperinsulinemijskog euglikemijskog klampa i metodom modela homeostaze, kapacitet rane faze insulinske sekrecije metodom intravenskog testa tolerancije glukoze (FPIR i AIR), nivo insulina u serumu RIA metodom, adiponektina ELISA metodom, lipidni parametri, ukupni holesterol (h), HDL-h, LDL-h, trigliceridi metodom hromatografije, apolipoproteini ApoAI, ApoAII, ApoB, Lp(a), ApoE metodom nefelometrije. Rezultati: Evaluacijom stanja insulinske senzitivnosti primenom obe metode je pokazan značajno viši nivo insulinske rezistencije (IR) u grupi A u odnosu na grupu B i C, (M vrednost: A:6.22+/-0.31; B: 7.70+/-0.42; C:8.25+/-0.24 mg/min/kg, p<0.001); (HOMA-IR: A:4.59+/-0.28; B:3.35+/-0.27; C:1.49+/-0.15, p<0.001). Istovremeno, oba parametra kapaciteta rane faze insulinske sekrecije, AIR i FPIR su bila značajno niža u grupi A u odnosu na grupu B i C (AIR: A:26.49+/-2.02; B:49.54+/-6.26; C:72.05+/-3.68 mU/l); (FPIR: A:68.90+/-3.53; B:112.51+/-7.36; C:147.43+/-8.86 mU/l, p<0.001). Bazalna insulinemija je bila značajno viša u grupi A u odnosu na grupe B i C (A:18.08+/-1.54; B:13.77+/-1.08; C:7.18+/-0.68 mU/l, p<0.01). Nivo adiponektina u serumu je bio niži u grupu A vs B vs C (A:14.91+/-0.42; B:16.99+/-0.91; C:18.63+/-0.58 ng/m, A vs B and A vs C p<0.01, B vs C p< 0.05), dok je nivo ukupnog h, LDL-h, ApoB and Lp(a) bio značajno niži, a HDL-h I ApoAI unačajno niži u grupi A i B vs C. Nivo triglicerida i ApoAII se nije značajno razlikovao među grupama. Binarnom logističkom regresijom je uočena značajan uticaj M vrednosti, insulinemije našte i FPIR sa ispoljavanjem BKP i AD (p=0.006, p=0.06, p=0.01, respektivno). Zaključak: Naši rezultati ukazuju da u bolesnika sa AB i BKP, IR sa sniženim kapacitetom insulinske sekrecije ostvaruje snažan uticaj na ispoljavanje AB i BKP, sa manjim uticajem sniženog nivoa adiponektina i aterogenim lipidnim profilom.Introduction: Previous studies have shown that impairment in insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion can be the essential in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), intermediate state between normal aging and dementia. However, the precise pathogenic mechanisms of influence of decreased insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion capacity on developing cognitive dysfunction has not yet been clarified. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate correlation of possible changes in insulin sensitivity and metabolic parameters on the occurrence of cognitive impairment in patients with MCI and AD. Methods: The study included 62 patients with AD (group A), 41 patients with MCI (group B) and 25 healthy controls (group C). Insulin sensitivity was estimated using euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp method and homeostasis model assessment. Insulin secretion capacity was analyzed using intravenous glucose tolerance test (FPIR and AIR). Plasma insulin (PI) levels were evaluated using RIA method and adiponectin by ELISA, total cholesterol (Ch), HDL-Ch, LDL-Ch and triglycerides by enzymatic methods, apolipoproteins (Apo) ApoAI, ApoAII, Lp(a), ApoB and ApoE were determined by using nephelometry method. Results: Insulin resistance (IR) were significantly higher in group A compared to groups B and C, (M value: A:6.22+/-0.31; B:7.70+/-0.42; C:8.25+/-0.24mg/min/kg, p<0.001); (HOMA-IR: A:4.59+/-0.28; B: 3.35+/-0.27; C:1.49+/-0.15, p<0.001). Both parameters of insulin secretion capacity were significantly lower in group A compared to groups B and C, (AIR: A: 26.49+/-2.02; B:49.54+/-6.26; C:72.05+/-3.68 mU/l); (FPIR: A:68.90+/-3.53; B:112.51+/-7.36; C: 147.43+/-8.86mU/l, p<0.001). PI levels were higher in group A compared to groups B and C (A:18.08+/-1.54; B:13.77+/-1.08; C:7.18+/-0.68 mU/l, p<0.01).Plasma adiponectin levels were lower and in group A vs B vs C (A:14.91+/-0.42; B:16.99+/-0.91; C:18.63+/-0.58 ng/m, A vs B and A vs C p<0.01, B vs C p< 0.05), while the levels of Ch, LDL-Ch, ApoB and Lp(a) were significantly higher and HDL-Ch and ApoAI levels being lower in group A and B vs C. The triglycerides and ApoAII levels did not differ between the groups. Binary logistic regression analysis identified only M value, FPIR and plasma insulin as independent predictors for AD and MCI (p=0.006, p=0.06, p=0.01, respectively). Conclusion: These results imply that in AD and MCI, IR with increased plasma insulin and decreased FPIR strongly facilitate the development of AD and MCI, with milder influence of low adiponectin levels and atherogenic lipid profile

Antioksidacijski učinak nove intramamarne formulacije na bazi pčelinjih proizvoda Apimasta® u muznih krava.

The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant effect of the novel bee-product based intramammary formulation Apimast® on the oxidative status of dairy cows. Apimast® was administered intramammarily three times at 12 h intervals to 10 dairy cows on each of the three dairy farms. The oxidative status markers and some metabolic parameters were determined in the milk (GSH-Px, d-ROM, SOD, BAP, TAS) and in the serum (SOD, GSH-Px, NEFA, BHB, glucose). The results showed that the effect of Apimast® was mostly local, regardless of the concentration used (3% and 1%) as there was an increase in the concentration of GSH-Px and TAS in the milk, but not in the blood. It is also of a short-term nature since the values of these parameters were significantly lower 7 days after application. The expected connection between the increase of ROM in milk samples from the microbiologically positive quarters was not found. The results of this study confirm the local antioxidant effect of Apimast® in the udder, with implications for non-antibiotic subclinical mastitis treatment.Cilj istraživanja bio je odrediti učinak nove intramamarne formulacije na bazi pčelinjih proizvoda, Apimasta®, na oksidacijski status muznih krava. Apimast® je apliciran u tri navrata s razmacima od 12 sati u 10 krava na tri različite farme. Izmjereni su markeri oksidacijskog statusa kao i određeni metabolički pokazatelji u mlijeku (GSH-Px, d-ROM, SOD, BAP, TAS) i serumu (SOD, GSH-Px, NEFA, BHB, glukoza). Učinak Apimasta® bio je uglavnom lokalan, bez obzira na primijenjenu koncentraciju (1 i 3 %), jer porast koncentracija GSH-Px i TAS-a u mlijeku nije pratio porast u serumu. Promjene svih mjerenih pokazatelja bile su kratkotrajne i nakon sedam dana vraćale su se na približne vrijednosti početnih koncentracija. U bakteriološki pozitivnim četvrtima vimena nije zabilježen porast ROM-a. Ovo istraživanje potvrđuje lokalni antioksidacijski učinak Apimasta® u vimenu, što je relevantno s aspekta neantibiotskog liječenja supkliničkog mastitisa

Diagnosis and treatment of mammary glands neoplasia in cats

Tumori mliječne žlijezde mačaka su po učestalosti na trećem mjestu, s malignitetom od 80 do 90%. Tumori mliječne žlijezde su agresivni, brzo rastu i metastaziraju u regionalne limfne čvorove, pluća, jetru i slezenu. Nakon kirurškog liječenja česti su recidivi. Najvažniji prognostički čimbenici u procijeni vremena bez znakova bolesti i vremena preživljavanja nakon operacije su veličina, obujam tumora i tip operacije. Što je tumor manji prognoza je bolja. Pretpostavlja se da spolni hormoni imaju važnu ulogu u nastanku tumora, dok rana kastracija znatno smanjuje rizik od nastanka tumora. Uporaba progestina povećava rizik od nastanka bolesti. Radikalna unilateralna ili bilateralna mastektomija je preporučeno kirurško liječenje. Kirurško liječenje u kombinaciji s kemoterapijom u uznapredovalim slučajevima pruža puno bolju prognozu. Ključne riječiMammary neoplasia in cats rank third in frequency, with a malignancy rate of 80-90%. Mammary tumours are aggressive, grow rapidly and metastasize to regional lymph nodes, lung, liver and spleen. After surgical treatment, relapses are common. The most important prognostic factors to estimate the time and disease-free survival time after surgery include the size and volume of the tumour, and the type of operation. The smaller the tumour, the better the prognosis. It is assumed that sex hormones play a role in tumour formation. Early castration significantly reduces the risk of cancer, while the use of progestin increases the risk of disease. Radical unilateral or bilateral mastectomy is the recommended surgical treatment. In advanced cases, surgical treatment in combination with chemotherapy significantly improves the prognosis

Utjecaj stresa uzrokovanog hromošću, boli i upalom na zdravlje i rasplođivanje bikova holštajnsko-frizijske pasmine.

In this study, a group of 11 Holstein-Friesian bulls used for semen production has been monitored. Due to inadequate living space, some of bulls (experimental group, n = 5) with higher body measures developed ulcera and blisters on claws and distal extremities. At the beginning of the trial these animals were treated by surgical removal of ulcera, claw correction and supportive therapy. The other bulls (control group, n = 6) only had claw correction. All 11 bulls were monitored daily for next 90 days following surgery. Blood samples were collected weekly for haemogram and clinical biochemistry. After short interval of recovery, bulls were returned in semen collection and spermiograms were performed regularly. According to laboratory data, bulls after surgery and during supportive therapy (n = 5) had shown changes specific for reversible renal damage and endotoxaemia (altered total proteins, creatinin, urea, lymphopenia) for more than 30 days, although they appeared clinically healthy. All bulls that were cured for ulcera and blisters, were returned back to semen collection and gave ejaculat of acceptable quality. There was no noticeable difference in spermiograms of two investigated groups of bulls.U radu je razmatran utjecaj stresa, upale i boli uzrokovanih hromošću na zdravlje i rasplođivanje bikova holštajnsko-frizijske pasmine. U prvu, pokusnu skupinu (n = 5) spadali su bikovi koji su imali patološke promjene na nogama dok su drugu skupinu sačinjavali zdravi bikovi (n = 6) na kojima smo samo proveli rutinsku kontrolu i korekciju papaka. Na početku istraživanja provedena je kirurška korekcija i liječenje papaka zajedno s rutinskom kontrolom. Potom su sve životinje u istraživanju dnevno praćene tijekom 90 dana. Jednom tjedno uzimani su im uzorci krvi za određivanje hemograma i biokemijskih profila te su određivane razine kortizola i testosterona. Bikovi su sukladno procesu oporavka vraćani u postupak uzimanja ejakulata pri čemu im je određivan spermiogram. Klinički i laboratorijski nalazi očitovali su razlike između skupina bikova i ukazali su na pojavu blage endotoksemije u pokusnoj skupini (limfopenija, poremećene vrijednosti ukupnih proteina, povišen kreatinin i urea u krvi). Na osnovi naših rezultata razvidno je da i naoko zdrave životinje, očuvanog libida i optimalne plodnosti mogu zbog promjena na papcima dugo biti u blagoj endotoksemiji što bi se dugoročno moglo odraziti na njihovo zdravlje, dugovječnost i upotrebu u rasplodu

Use of somatic cell count in the diagnosis of mastitis and its impacts on milk quality

Mastitis je upalna reakcija organizma na infekciju sekretornog dijela mliječne žlijezde. Uzročnici mastitisa dijele se bojanjem po Gramu na Gram-pozitivne i Gramnegativne; prema etiologiji na kontagiozne i uvjetovane uzročnike. Kontagiozni se uzročnici najčešće prenose tijekom mužnje i prouzroče dugotrajne, kronične mastitise, uglavnom subkliničkog tijeka. Za razliku od njih, uvjetovani uzročnici u pravilu izazivaju kratkotrajne infekcije, ali s češćim kliničkim manifestacijama. Inficirane se krave otkrivaju dijagnostikom mastitisa, koja se najčešće provodi neizravnim ili izravnim metodama određivanja broja somatskih stanica i bakteriološkom pretragom mlijeka.Zagrebački mastitis test je brza i jednostavna orijentacijska metoda u procjeni broja somatskih stanica koji se provodi u terenskim uvjetima. Somatske stanice čine epitelne stanice i leukociti. Nalaze se u mlijeku, ali se njihov broj i odnos mijenja ovisno o upalnim promjenama u mliječnoj žlijezdi. Kretanje broja somatskih stanica uglavnom ovisi o pojavi mastitisa, ali i o stadiju laktacije, životnoj dobi životinje, godišnjem dobu, ali i ostalim bolestima mliječne krave. Mlijeko s povećanim brojem somatskih stanica ima promijenjenu kakvoću. Mlijeko sadrži niži udio mliječne masti i laktoze, a povećan je i udio proteina i električna provodljivost zbog povišene koncentracija klora i natrija u mlijeku. Osim toga, mlijeko ima i smanjenu termostabilnost te mu je smanjena sposobnost podsiravanja i formiranja gruša. Takvo mlijeko ima užegli okus i nije pogodno za proizvodnju kondenziranog mlijeka, mlijeka u prahu i steriliziranog mlijeka. Rok trajanja sireva proizvedenih od takvog mlijeka zbog zadržavanja veće količine vode je smanjen. Pravilnim i redovitim provođenjem postupaka dezinfekcije sisa vimena prije i poslije mužnje poboljšava se prinos i kakvoća mlijeka, odnosno smanjuju se troškovi liječenja mastitisa, a povećava se i prihod farme.Mastitis is an inflammatory reaction to an infection of the secretory part of the mammary gland. The causes of mastitis are divided by Gram staining into Gram-positive and Gram-negative, and according to aetiology into contagious and environmental causes. Contagious pathogens are most transmitted during milking, and cause long-lasting, chronic mastitis with a mostly subclinical course. In contrast, environmental pathogens typically cause short-term infections, but with more frequent clinical manifestations. Infected cows are detected by the diagnosis of mastitis, which is most often reached through indirect or direct methods of determining the somatic Cell count and by conducting bacteriological examination of milk. The Zagreb mastitis test is a quick and simple orientation method for estimating the number of somatic cells. Its advantage is that can be performed in field conditions. Somatic cells are made up of epithelial cells and leukocytes. They are normally found in milk, but their number and ratio change depending on inflammatory changes in the mammary gland. The somatic cell count can change depending on the occurrence of mastitis, but also on the stage of lactation, animal age, season and other diseases of the dairy cow. Milk with an increased number of somatic cells has an altered quality compared to the milk of a healthy cow. Milk contains a lower proportion of milk fat and lactose, and an increased proportion of protein. Furthermore, electrical conductivity is increased due to elevated concentrations of chlorine and sodium in milk. It also has reduced thermal stability and a reduced ability to curdle and form lumps. Such milk has a rancid taste and is not suitable for the production of condensed milk, milk powder or sterilized milk. The shelf life of cheeses produced from such milk is reduced due to the retention of a larger amount of water. Proper and regular disinfection of udder teats before and after milking raises the yield and quality of milk, and reduces the cost associated with mastitis treatment, thereby increasing both milk quality and farm revenues

Analysis of influence of insulin resistance and metabolic determinants on cognitive function in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

Uvod: Prethodne studije su ukazale na moguću ulogu snižene insulinske senzitivnosti i sekrecije u patogenezi Alchajmerove bolesti (AB) i blagog kognitivnog poremećaja (BKP), prelaznog stanja između normalnog procesa starenja i AB. Međutim, složeni mehanizmi kojima poremećaji insulinske senzitivnosti mogu ostvarivati svoj uticaj u nastanku kognitivne disfunkcije još uvek nisu do kraja proučeni. Cilj:Cilj rada je ispitivanje povezanosti insulinske rezistencije (IR) i metaboličkih parametara i ispoljavanja kognitivne disfunkcije u BKP i AB. Metode: U ispitivanje je uključeno 62 ispitanika sa AB (grupa A), 41 ispitanika sa BKP (grupa B) i 40 zdravih ispitanika (grupa C). U svakog bolesnika je evaluirano stanje insulinske senzitivnosti metodom hiperinsulinemijskog euglikemijskog klampa i metodom modela homeostaze, kapacitet rane faze insulinske sekrecije metodom intravenskog testa tolerancije glukoze (FPIR i AIR), nivo insulina u serumu RIA metodom, adiponektina ELISA metodom, lipidni parametri, ukupni holesterol (h), HDL-h, LDL-h, trigliceridi metodom hromatografije, apolipoproteini ApoAI, ApoAII, ApoB, Lp(a), ApoE metodom nefelometrije. Rezultati: Evaluacijom stanja insulinske senzitivnosti primenom obe metode je pokazan značajno viši nivo insulinske rezistencije (IR) u grupi A u odnosu na grupu B i C, (M vrednost: A:6.22+/-0.31; B: 7.70+/-0.42; C:8.25+/-0.24 mg/min/kg, p<0.001); (HOMA-IR: A:4.59+/-0.28; B:3.35+/-0.27; C:1.49+/-0.15, p<0.001). Istovremeno, oba parametra kapaciteta rane faze insulinske sekrecije, AIR i FPIR su bila značajno niža u grupi A u odnosu na grupu B i C (AIR: A:26.49+/-2.02; B:49.54+/-6.26; C:72.05+/-3.68 mU/l); (FPIR: A:68.90+/-3.53; B:112.51+/-7.36; C:147.43+/-8.86 mU/l, p<0.001). Bazalna insulinemija je bila značajno viša u grupi A u odnosu na grupe B i C (A:18.08+/-1.54; B:13.77+/-1.08; C:7.18+/-0.68 mU/l, p<0.01). Nivo adiponektina u serumu je bio niži u grupu A vs B vs C (A:14.91+/-0.42; B:16.99+/-0.91; C:18.63+/-0.58 ng/m, A vs B and A vs C p<0.01, B vs C p< 0.05), dok je nivo ukupnog h, LDL-h, ApoB and Lp(a) bio značajno niži, a HDL-h I ApoAI unačajno niži u grupi A i B vs C. Nivo triglicerida i ApoAII se nije značajno razlikovao među grupama. Binarnom logističkom regresijom je uočena značajan uticaj M vrednosti, insulinemije našte i FPIR sa ispoljavanjem BKP i AD (p=0.006, p=0.06, p=0.01, respektivno). Zaključak: Naši rezultati ukazuju da u bolesnika sa AB i BKP, IR sa sniženim kapacitetom insulinske sekrecije ostvaruje snažan uticaj na ispoljavanje AB i BKP, sa manjim uticajem sniženog nivoa adiponektina i aterogenim lipidnim profilom.Introduction: Previous studies have shown that impairment in insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion can be the essential in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), intermediate state between normal aging and dementia. However, the precise pathogenic mechanisms of influence of decreased insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion capacity on developing cognitive dysfunction has not yet been clarified. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate correlation of possible changes in insulin sensitivity and metabolic parameters on the occurrence of cognitive impairment in patients with MCI and AD. Methods: The study included 62 patients with AD (group A), 41 patients with MCI (group B) and 25 healthy controls (group C). Insulin sensitivity was estimated using euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp method and homeostasis model assessment. Insulin secretion capacity was analyzed using intravenous glucose tolerance test (FPIR and AIR). Plasma insulin (PI) levels were evaluated using RIA method and adiponectin by ELISA, total cholesterol (Ch), HDL-Ch, LDL-Ch and triglycerides by enzymatic methods, apolipoproteins (Apo) ApoAI, ApoAII, Lp(a), ApoB and ApoE were determined by using nephelometry method. Results: Insulin resistance (IR) were significantly higher in group A compared to groups B and C, (M value: A:6.22+/-0.31; B:7.70+/-0.42; C:8.25+/-0.24mg/min/kg, p<0.001); (HOMA-IR: A:4.59+/-0.28; B: 3.35+/-0.27; C:1.49+/-0.15, p<0.001). Both parameters of insulin secretion capacity were significantly lower in group A compared to groups B and C, (AIR: A: 26.49+/-2.02; B:49.54+/-6.26; C:72.05+/-3.68 mU/l); (FPIR: A:68.90+/-3.53; B:112.51+/-7.36; C: 147.43+/-8.86mU/l, p<0.001). PI levels were higher in group A compared to groups B and C (A:18.08+/-1.54; B:13.77+/-1.08; C:7.18+/-0.68 mU/l, p<0.01).Plasma adiponectin levels were lower and in group A vs B vs C (A:14.91+/-0.42; B:16.99+/-0.91; C:18.63+/-0.58 ng/m, A vs B and A vs C p<0.01, B vs C p< 0.05), while the levels of Ch, LDL-Ch, ApoB and Lp(a) were significantly higher and HDL-Ch and ApoAI levels being lower in group A and B vs C. The triglycerides and ApoAII levels did not differ between the groups. Binary logistic regression analysis identified only M value, FPIR and plasma insulin as independent predictors for AD and MCI (p=0.006, p=0.06, p=0.01, respectively). Conclusion: These results imply that in AD and MCI, IR with increased plasma insulin and decreased FPIR strongly facilitate the development of AD and MCI, with milder influence of low adiponectin levels and atherogenic lipid profile

Kompetencije za rad sa osobama oštećenog vida sa višestrukim smetnjama

In addition to basic pedagogic knowledge and the knowledge in special pedagogy, in the rehabilitation and education practice, the experts involved in the process of rehabilitation of visually impaired children with additional disabilities are expected to be trained to participate in the work of multidisciplinary teams, whose members, in partnership relations with parents, create a complex approach to a child. Such approach is the result of mutually depending approaches, non of them having any importance when not being a part of the whole and if it has not been created with other tangent disciplines. The development of the rehabilitation of visually impaired children with additional disabilities can be followed in relation to the classification according to the combination of impairments. In this context, it is worth to emphasize that the history of the education of deafblind children has very long tradition and, owing to meritorious zealous workers, we can talk today about various theories of the rehabilitation of this population. Bearing this in mind, as well as the current situation in our country concerning this area, the competences for the work with deafblind children will be presented in this work, and they are just those who introduce us most directly into the complexity of the rehabilitation of the population being separated from the world of objects by their visual impairment, and from the world of people by their hearing impairment, and these impairments together lead into isolation. The competences are defined on the basis of rich practical experience in the rehabilitation of deafblind persons in the world, but also owing to the cooperation among the experts working in vertically connected educational institutions, as well as owing to the mentioned theories, i.e. methodical approaches in the rehabilitation which stress the importance of knowledge on general issues of deafblindness, issues concerning the establishing of contact with a deafblind child and different forms of communication, issues important for orientation and mobility, modification of environmental factor with the aim of ensuring optimum conditions for receiving information from outside, as well as multidisciplinary cooperation.U praksi edukacije i rehabilitacije od stručnjaka uključenih u proces rehabilitacije dece oštećenog sa višestrukim smetnjama se očekuje da pored opštih pedagoških znanja i znanja iz tiflologije budu obučeni da mogu učestvovati u radu multidisciplinarnih timova, čiji članovi u partnerskom odnosu sa roditeljima kreiraju kompleksan pristup detetu. Takav pristup je rezultat međusobno zavisnih pristupa, od kojih nijedan nema značaja ukoliko nije deo celine i nije nastao u saradničkom odnosu sa ostalim tangentnim disciplinama. Razvoj rehabilitacije osoba oštećenog vida sa višestrukim smetnjama možemo pratiti u odnosu na podelu prema kombinaciji oštećenja. U tom kontekstu treba istaći da istorija obrazovanja slepogluvih u svetu ima dugu tradiciju i zahvaljujući zaslužnim pregaocima u ovoj oblasti danas možemo govoriti o različitim teorijama rehabilitacije ove populacije. Imajući to u vidu i trenutno stanje u ovoj oblasti kod nas, u radu će biti prezentovane kompetencije za rad sa slepogluvom decom, a upravo one nas najdirektnije upućuju na kompleksnost rehabilitacije, populacije koju oštećenje vida odvaja od sveta predmeta a oštećenje sluha od sveta ljudi i zajedno vode u izolaciju. Definisane su na osnovu bogatih praktičnih iskustava u rehabilitaciji slepogluvih u svetu, zatim zahvaljujući saradnji među stručnjacima koji rade u vertikalno povezanim obrazovnim institucijama, kao i pomenutim teorijama, odnosno metodskim pristupima u rehabilitaciji, koji ističu značaj poznavanja opštih pitanja slepogluvoće, pitanja koja se tiču uspostavljanja kontakta sa slepogluvim detetom i različitih oblika komunikacije, pitanja od značaja za orijentaciju i mobilnost, modifikaciju sredinskih faktora u cilju obezbeđivanja najoptimalnijih uslova za prijem informacija iz spoljašnje sredine, kao i multidisciplinarne saradnje

Etiologija i prevalencija intramamarnih infekcija mliječnih krava prilikom zasušenja.

The aim of this research was to determine the etiology and prevalence of udder infection in dairy cows before drying off on dairy farms in Croatia. Research was carried out on 6 dairy farms in Croatia. Milk samples were taken in sterile plastic tubes during the last milking prior to drying off. Bacteriological examination of the milk samples produced 54 positive samples; the prevalence of intramammary infection (IMI) was 22.5%. The most common pathogens of IMI prior to drying off were Streptococcus spp. Lancefield group D (7.79%) and Staphylococcus aureus (6.56%). Other pathogens were coagulase-negative staphylococci (2.87%), Pseudomona spp. (2.46%), Streptococcus agalactiae (2.05%), and other microorganisms (1.23%). In this research, a higher IMI prevalence in the rear quarters (P = 0.03) compared to the front quarters was observed. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of infection (P = 0.07) when comparing the right and left quarters. A significantly higher prevalence of infection caused by Streptococcus spp. Lancefield group D (P = 0.04) and environmental pathogens (P = 0.02) was noted in the rear quarters. These results proved that environmental microorganisms were the most common pathogens of IMI, prior to drying off, in dairy cows in Croatia.Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi etiologiju i prevalenciju infekcije vimena mliječnih krava prilikom zasušivanja. U istraživanje je bila uključena 61 muzna krava sa šest različitih, nasumično odabranih farmi iz dijela Zagrebačke i Varaždinske županije. Uzorci mlijeka za mikrobiološku pretragu uzeti su u sterilne plastične epruvete prije posljednje mužnje u laktaciji. Bakteriološkom pretragom mlijeka dobili smo 54 pozitivna uzorka, odnosno prevalencija infekcije iznosila je 22,5%. Najveći broj intramamarnih infekcija (IMI) prije zasušivanja uzrokovali su Streptococcus spp. serološke skupine D (7,79%) i Staphylococcus aureus (6,56%). Od ostalih uzročnika mogu se izdvojiti Staphylococcus spp. (2,87%), Pseudomonas spp. (2,46%), Streptococcus agalactiae (2,05%) te ostali mikroorganizmi (1,23%). U provedenom istraživanju zabilježena je veća prevalencija IMI u stražnjim (P = 0,03) u odnosu na prednje četvrti. Uspoređujući desne četvrti u odnosu na lijeve nije uočena značajna razlika prevalencije infekcije (P = 0,07). Prilikom testiranja broja inficiranih četvti na Streptococcus spp. serološke skupine D (P = 0,04) kao i svih ostalih okolišnih uzročnika (P=0,02) zabilježen je značajno veći broj inficiranih stražnjih četvrti. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da su mikroorganizmi iz okoliša najznačajniji uzročnici IMI prije zasušenja krava

Aetiology and prevalence of bovine intramammary infection at

drying of