6 research outputs found

    Étude de la modularité de la synchronisation à la pulsation musicale : synchronisation sensorimotrice dans l’amusie congénitale

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    À l’écoute de musique, la plupart des gens ressentent naturellement l’envie de bouger au rythme de celle-ci. Bien que cette activité puisse paraitre anodine, la capacité à émettre un mouvement en synchronie avec une pulsation rythmique (ou le beat en anglais) repose sur l’interaction d’un ensemble de mécanismes complexes. L’habileté à percevoir la pulsation dans la musique, et à pouvoir prédire l’occurrence des temps marquant celle-ci, serait entre autres possible grâce à un mécanisme d’entrainement. La spécificité des processus d’entrainement à la pulsation musicale demeure cependant débattue. Afin de mieux cerner la modularité de l’entrainement au beat musical, le travail de recherche présenté dans cette thèse avait pour objectif de caractériser, chez des individus présentant une amusie congénitale, la capacité à se synchroniser à la musique, au chant et à la parole. L’amusie congénitale est un trouble d’origine neurodéveloppementale qui affecte, selon le cas, l’habileté à percevoir dans la musique les fines variations mélodiques ou la capacité à percevoir et à se synchroniser au beat. L’étude 1 visait d’abord à déterminer l’influence d’une amusie congénitale affectant le traitement des hauteurs sur la perception et la synchronisation au beat. Les résultats ont mis en évidence, dans 50 % des cas, une faible capacité à se synchroniser avec le beat de séquences rythmiques contenant ou non des variations mélodiques. Néanmoins, des cas de dissociation claire ont pu être identifiés. Ainsi, bien que dans la majorité des cas une perception des variations de hauteurs déficiente semble s’accompagner d’une capacité réduite à percevoir la pulsation musicale et s’y synchroniser, ces deux habiletés peuvent également se trouver atteintes de façon isolée. Cette dissociation se constate d’ailleurs chez les individus ayant pris part aux études subséquentes de la thèse, qui ne parviennent pas à synchroniser un mouvement simple avec le beat, tout en demeurant dans les limites de la norme à une épreuve mesurant la perception des hauteurs en contexte mélodique. Les études 2 et 3 ont été élaborées dans le but d’investiguer la modularité de l’entrainement à la pulsation musicale en regard d’hypothèses suggérant que ce mécanisme soit plutôt partagé avec d’autres domaines tels que le langage. L’étude 2 avait pour objectif de tester l’implication des processus d’entrainement au beat musical dans la synchronisation à la parole. Pour se faire, un groupe d’individus ayant une amusie congénitale touchant la synchronisation au beat et des participants neurotypiques appariés ont complété une tâche de synchronisation motrice sur des extraits de chant et de parole. Les participants devaient taper du doigt la pulsation rythmique perçue dans des phrases chantées, dites avec un rythme régulier (comparable à du rap), et énoncées de manière naturelle (rythme irrégulier). Dans ces trois conditions, les individus atteints d’amusie sont moins bien parvenus à se synchroniser, comparativement aux participants contrôles. Ce résultat suggère l’existence d’un mécanisme d’entrainement commun à la parole et à la musique. Enfin, dans l’étude 3, nous avons testé une hypothèse selon laquelle la capacité d’imitation vocale et la synchronisation au beat reposeraient en partie sur un mécanisme commun de couplage sensorimoteur. Dans cette étude, des participants ayant une difficulté à se synchroniser au beat, ainsi que des participants contrôles appariés, ont chanté une mélodie connue avec et sans paroles, d’abord de mémoire, ensuite par imitation d’un modèle, et enfin en synchronie avec le modèle et avec un métronome. Les résultats de cette étude montrent, en premier lieu, que la capacité des participants ayant un trouble de la synchronisation au beat à chanter avec justesse est comparable à la population générale. Certains participants ont tout de même pu être identifiés comme étant de mauvais chanteurs. Cependant, nous n’avons pas pu mettre en évidence d’association claire entre la justesse du chant et l’habileté à se synchroniser à une pulsation rythmique. En revanche, la faible habileté à se synchroniser au beat était généralisée à la difficulté à se synchroniser par le chant. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats de la thèse suggèrent que, dans les cas d’amusie congénitale étudiés, la capacité à produire un mouvement synchronisé à la musique émergerait d’un mécanisme plus général d’entrainement permettant la synchronisation à d’autres stimuli auditifs, y compris la parole.Music naturally compels most individuals to engage in rhythmic behaviors. We can think of someone tapping his foot or nodding his head to the beat of music. Synchronizing a movement to the beat may seem simple at first, but it is a complex behavior. At least, someone needs to be able to extract the beat and predict the timing of upcoming beats. This ability to couple movement and music could be achieved through entrainment. The specificity of beat-based entrainment to music is, however, debated. This thesis aimed to assess sensorimotor synchronization to music, singing, and speech in congenital amusia, in order to test the specificity of entrainment mechanism to musical beat. Congenital amusia refers to a neurodevelopmental disorder that can affect, depending on cases, pitch perception (pitch-based amusia) or beat perception (beat-based amusia). In the first study, individuals with pitch-based amusia were tested on their ability to perceive and to produce musical beat. The results indicated that about fifty percent of pitch-based amusic participants had associated deficits in beat production and beat perception. Still, cases of dissociation, with spared ability to synchronize to and perceive musical beat, were also identified. Therefore, findings highlight a connection between melody and rhythm processing in most cases of pitchbased amusia, although it is possible for these domains to be selectively impaired. Concurrently, cases of beat-based amusia, included in Study 2 and Study 3, had a specific impairment in their ability to synchronize a simple movement with musical beat, while performing within the normal range on a standardized measure of pitch perception. Study 2 and Study 3 had the objective to test hypotheses regarding the domain specificity of beat-based entrainment. In Study 2, entrainment to speech and music was compared in participants with beat-based amusia. Participants had to align taps to the perceived regularity in the rhythm of naturally spoken, regularly spoken (similar to rap music), and sung sentences. It was found that the amusic participants synchronized less accurately in all conditions. This result suggests that a general entrainment mechanism could maybe drive sensorimotor synchronisation to speech and music. In Study 3, we assessed the hypothesis according to which vocal imitation and beatbased synchronisation could share a common sensorimotor coupling mechanism. Here, participants had to sing a familiar song from memory, after hearing a model, with the model, and with a metronome. First, results from this study indicate that vocal-pitch abilities are similar to the general population in beat-based amusia, when singing from memory. Cases of poor-pitch singing could still be identified among amusic participants. However, no clear association between synchronization to beat and vocal-pitch abilities was found. Nonetheless, results from synchronous singing and singing with a metronome mirrored results from tapping tasks, indicating a lowered ability to synchronize with the beat across contexts in beat-based amusia. Overall, by investigating sensorimotor synchronization to music and singing in congenital amusia, this thesis work provides new evidence that sensorimotor synchronization to musical beat may be built on a domain-general entrainment mechanism that could be involved with auditory stimuli that are not beat-based, like speech

    Neurophysiological and Behavioral Differences between Older and Younger Adults When Processing Violations of Tonal Structure in Music

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    Aging is associated with decline in both cognitive and auditory abilities. However, evidence suggests that music perception is relatively spared, despite relying on auditory and cognitive abilities that tend to decline with age. It is therefore likely that older adults engage compensatory mechanisms which should be evident in the underlying functional neurophysiology related to processing music. In other words, the perception of musical structure would be similar or enhanced in older compared to younger adults, while the underlying functional neurophysiology would be different. The present study aimed to compare the electrophysiological brain responses of younger and older adults to melodic incongruities during a passive and active listening task. Older and younger adults had a similar ability to detect an out-of-tune incongruity (i.e., non-chromatic), while the amplitudes of the ERAN and P600 were reduced in older adults compared to younger adults. On the other hand, out-of-key incongruities (i.e., non-diatonic), were better detected by older adults compared to younger adults, while the ERAN and P600 were comparable between the two age groups. This pattern of results indicates that perception of tonal structure is preserved in older adults, despite age-related neurophysiological changes in how melodic violations are processed

    Poor Synchronization to Musical Beat Generalizes to Speech

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    The rhythmic nature of speech may recruit entrainment mechanisms in a manner similar to music. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that individuals who display a severe deficit in synchronizing their taps to a musical beat (called beat-deaf here) would also experience difficulties entraining to speech. The beat-deaf participants and their matched controls were required to align taps with the perceived regularity in the rhythm of naturally spoken, regularly spoken, and sung sentences. The results showed that beat-deaf individuals synchronized their taps less accurately than the control group across conditions. In addition, participants from both groups exhibited more inter-tap variability to natural speech than to regularly spoken and sung sentences. The findings support the idea that acoustic periodicity is a major factor in domain-general entrainment to both music and speech. Therefore, a beat-finding deficit may affect periodic auditory rhythms in general, not just those for music

    Neural overlap in processing music and speech

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    Neural overlap in processing music and speech, as measured by the co-activation of brain regions in neuroimaging studies, may suggest that parts of the neural circuitries established for language may have been recycled during evolution for musicality, or vice versa that musicality served as a springboard for language emergence. Such a perspective has important implications for several topics of general interest besides evolutionary origins. For instance, neural overlap is an important premise for the possibility of music training to influence language acquisition and literacy. However, neural overlap in processing music and speech does not entail sharing neural circuitries. Neural separability between music and speech may occur in overlapping brain regions. In this paper we review the evidence and outline the issues faced in interpreting such neural data, and argue that converging evidence from several methodologies is needed before neural overlap is taken as evidence of sharing
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