An Examination of Common Strategies to Improve Intergroup Relations and Minority Group Members’ Perceptions of Group Social Standing and Individual Power

With few exceptions, the research examining perspective taking and empathy as intergroup relation strategies has focused on the benefits of each strategy on members of the majority group (Vorauer & Quesnel, 2016). However, when researchers have included measures to examine the effects of these intergroup relation strategies on minority group members, they have only focused on how enjoyable the experience was for the target and if they experienced happiness as a result of the experience (e.g., Vorauer, Martens, & Sasaki, 2009) For instance, Todd, Bodenhausen, Richeson, and Galinsky (2011) found that Black participants experienced increased intergroup positivity with White participants following perspective taking, but they also found that all participants experienced an increase in perceptions of racial inequalities among their groups. They did not further examine these effects. This is concerning considering that research has shown that individual perceptions of the status of one’s ingroup impact their overall psychological well-being (Crocker & Major, 1989), and Schmitt, Branscombe, Kobrynowicz, and Owen (2002) found that individuals’ positive and negative perceptions of their ingroup’s social status impact their group identification. Due to this lack of empirical examination, Vorauer and Quesnel (2016) first studied the effects of these common intergroup relation strategies on members of the minority group. They analyzed the effects of being the target of these common intergroup relation strategies on individuals’ sense of power and status in society and concluded that targets of empathy compared to perspective taking and objectivity as a control condition in intergroup exchanges with actors experienced a significant decrease in perceptions of their groups’ social status. These findings are valuable due to the differences in the common goals that members of these groups hold. Members of majority groups tend to desire pleasant and smooth interactions with minority group members, but, members of minority groups often desire to increase group-based power and individual respect through interactions with majority group members (Bergsieker, Shelton, & Richeson, 2010; Saguy, Davidio, & Pratto, 2008). Consequently, individuals will likely experience each type of intergroup relation strategy through the lens of their most salient social group (Vorauer & Quesnel, 2016). Kurtz-Costes, DeFreitas, and Kinlaw (2011) have shown that race is salient enough for young Black and White Americans that it influences their development of group identity and social behavior. Accordingly, this study will focus on replicating and extending the findings of Vorauer and Quesnel (2016) to a sample of Black and White Americans

An Experimental Assessment of Empathy Compared to Perspective Taking on Minority Group Members in Intergroup Exchanges with Majority Group Members

This study sought to replicate and extend Vorauer and Quesnel’s (2016) research on the malleability of ingroup status perceptions. With a sample of White majority and Indigenous minority Canadians, Vorauer and Quesnel tested the impact of being the target of two common intergroup relation strategies (i.e., empathy and perspective taking) on perceptions of status in society. They concluded that when minority group members were the targets of empathy rather than perspective taking, the targets experienced a significant decrease in perceptions of ingroup societal status. In the present experiment, White participants were randomly assigned the role of actor or target, and randomly assigned to the mixed-race or same-race exchange condition. This resulted in Thirty-seven White – White and White – Black dyads. The White actors were additionally randomly assigned to receive either an empathic or perspective taking mindset manipulation. Following the manipulation, actors and targets completed a brief discussion and then responded to status related dependent measures. All data were submitted to Multilevel Modeling (MLM) analyses to assess 2 (role: actor or target) x 2 (exchange type: mixed-race or same-race) x 2 (mindset manipulation: empathy or perspective taking) interactions for the dependent measures. Analyses revealed a significant main effect of mixed-race versus same-race (i.e., White – Black versus White – White) exchange type on perceptions of Black Status such that individuals in mixed-race exchanges rated Black status significantly lower than individuals in same-race exchanges. A significant main effect of actor versus target role on perceptions of White Status was observed such that targets rated White status significantly higher than actors. A significant main effect of actor versus target role on perceptions of Partners’ Individual-Level Power was observed such that targets rated White status significantly higher than actors. Although the present study could not replicate Vorauer and Quesnel’s (2016) findings, researchers should continue to examine the malleability of Americans’ perceptions of group status focusing on modifying perceptions of White and Black status in America so that they are in-line with objective measures of status. This will allow researchers to identify effective means of enacting positive social change which ameliorates the burden of inequality in America

Structural steel industry in the United States

This item was digitized by the Internet Archive

Vocabulary aids in the teaching of civics

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University, 1947. This item was digitized by the Internet Archive

Experiments to Develop Criteria for Determining the Existence of Written Sources, and their Potential Implications for the Synoptic Problem

Considerations of oral transmission have long been a staple of Gospel studies. The experimental examination of the characteristics of human memory has likewise been a significant part of the academic discipline of psychology from its inception. Yet, with a few notable exceptions, those working in the field of gospel studies have made little use of the insights that might derive from experimental psychology. This article reports on three of a series of six experiments designed to explore some of the characteristics whereby material copied from written texts may be distinguished from orally transmitted materials. The experimental design is the result of a collaboration between academics from the two diverse of Gospel studies and experimental psychology. This article will conclude with a consideration of some of the implications for the study of the Synoptic problem that might derive from the results of the experiments

Point of care testing of Influenza A/B and RSV in an adult respiratory assessment unit is associated with improvement in isolation practices and reduction in hospital length of stay

Introduction. Every winter seasonal influenza and other viral respiratory infections increase pressure on the health services and are associated with nosocomial infection and morbidity.Aim. To compare provision of point-of-care (POC) testing with laboratory-based testing for influenza and RSV detection on an adult respiratory assessment unit to assess the impact on isolation practices and length of stay (LOS).Methodology. Prospective interrupted ‘on-off’ study in adults admitted to the respiratory unit between December 2018 and April 2019 with a suspected respiratory tract infection. Nasopharyngeal samples were tested using either the GeneXpert rapid POC test for influenza and RSV (on-period), or were sent to the laboratory for multiplex PCR testing against a panel of 12 respiratory viruses (off-period). Outcome measures were time to patient isolation for infection control, LOS and turnaround time from admission to test results.Results. Of 1145 patients evaluated, 755 were tested with POC and 390 with laboratory multiplex; a respiratory virus was identified in 164 (21.7 %) and 138 (35.4 %) patients respectively. A positive POC test was associated with a shorter time to isolation (mean difference 16.9 h, P [less than] 0.001), shorter LOS (mean difference 15.5 h, P=0.05,) and shorter turnaround time (mean difference 28.3 h, P[less than] 0.001), compared to laboratory testing.Conclusion. Use of GeneXpert POC testing for Flu/RSV is associated with rapid reporting of results with significant improvements in isolation practices and reductions in LOS

The structural characteristics of online sports betting: a scoping review of current product features and utility patents as indicators of potential future developments

'Structural characteristics’ are gambling product design features which contribute to the amount of time or money that gamblers spend using them, such as the short pay-out intervals of electronic gaming machines (EGMs). However, it is important to also understand the structural characteristics of current online sports betting products, and how these products may continue to evolve via a forward-looking analysis of utility patents, given the increasing international popularity of this gambling mode. A scoping review of the emergent structural characteristics associated with online sports betting was conducted upon the literature (2015–2022), and of sports betting utility patents. A total of 26 literature records and 8 utility patents were included. Results indicated that online sports betting is instantly accessible, provides rapid and continuous betting opportunities, and offers user-interactivity via features such as ‘cash-out’ and the ability to instantly deposit funds. Additionally, the online sports betting market has expanded into adjacent industries such as esports. The included utility patents suggest that online sports betting may evolve by incorporating peer-to-peer competitive elements, augmented reality, and highly specific statistics/notifications. Overall, the online environment has transformed sports betting into a faster and more harmful gambling mode that provides a diverse range of features and betting opportunities. It is important that this area of research develops in order to encourage appropriate policy and the more ethical redesign of online sports betting products

Writing Panels Articulate Extension Public Value in the West

In every era, publically funded programs seek to document their value. During the centennial celebrations of Cooperative Extension\u27s legislation and establishment, this cry for data became even louder and the demand more intense. The Western Extension Directors Association (WEDA) tasked their Western Region Program Leadership Committee (WRPLC) to determine common measures in hopes that 15 Western States could aggregate data and effectively present results of Extension\u27s work to stakeholders. Panels of experts from western land-grant universities were convened for an orientation to public value and a 24-hour lock down writing session. This tool resulted in six formatted white papers