Social Class and Parental Discipline

Whether one is a social scientist, natural scientist, humanist or layman, he views the world about him from a certain perspective. The perspective each hold will lead to different questions regarding the same phenomena. Attempting and completing empirical research, however, involves more than asking questions. Our research situation indicates that a hypothetical prediction is being tested. The hypothetical prediction is derived from a theoretical perspective. Theory provides the researcher with logically interconnected sets of propositions from which empirical uniformities can be derived.” The testing of hypotheses derived from the propositions is not an isolated endeavor for testing constantly refers back to its theoretical origin

'Just Passing Through':Research in Care Homes

This forum is dedicated to personal health in all its many facets: decision-making, goal setting, celebration, discovery, reflection, and coordination, among others. We look at innovations in interactive technologies and how they help address current critical healthcare challenges. --- Gillian R. Hayes, Editor </jats:p

Advancing Disarmament in the Face of Great Power Reluctance: The Canadian Contribution

A broad range of states and actors is seeking to influence the pace of nuclear disarmament and reduce the salience of nuclear weapons in international security. The reasons for this upsurge of interest in advancing nuclear disarmament are (a) the humanitarian benefits of strengthening a non-nuclear norm, and (b) the opportunities offered to small and middle-sized states to participate in negotiating forums on issues once dominated by the great powers. Importantly, the "abolitionist upsurge" has been augmented by reports sponsored by key Western allies. These include the Canberra Commission on the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons, the Tokyo Forum Report, and the Canadian Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade report, "Canada and the Nuclear Challenge". This latter's Report's chief recommendations were that Canada work towards reducing the political legitimacy and value of nuclear weapons, in order to effect their eventual elimination, and that Canada explore ways of reducing the salience of nuclear weapons within the NATO alliance. The report provided a clear direction for Canadian policy on nuclear weapons (given that the vast majority of its recommendations were accepted by the Canadian Government), and allowed for the further involvement of civilian and NGO representatives in the policy debate. At the broader level, the Canadian report, like its Australian and Japanese counterparts, serves to reinforce the notion of a more inclusive international community in debates on security policy, and strengthens the normative case against the possession and use of nuclear weapons

The challenge of United Nations reform

The international community founded the United Nations in 1945 as the centrepiece of an ambitious institutional strategy to prevent the recurrence of world war, global depression, and massive humanitarian crises, the most tragic of which had been the Holocaust. Sixty years later the world is again confronting multiple governance challenges, from combating transnational terrorism while maintaining existing constraints on the use of force to stabilising the world economy while alleviating endemic poverty and political alienation. None of these challenges can be met through unilateral or bilateral means alone, and the existing architecture of multilateral institutions is in serious need of reform. A renaissance in multilateral institutions will not proceed far, however, unless the central problem of reforming the United Nations is confronted. In this Keynote, a number of leading scholars consider three crucial aspects of UN reform: Security Council reform, renovation of the UN human rights system, and the role of the UN in responding to broader humanitarian crises

Consent and Inclusion of care home residents: Additional research materials, analysis and results

This site contains information on the gathering of data (2016-17) from the residents of care homes for older people in the U.K. The study created a novel visual game activity to enhance engagement with residents, and a redesigned ethical consenting approach to be more accessible, equitable and inclusive. Described are the tools used to develop a visual method of interacting with vulnerable people to better facilitate interviews with them. This includes the research materials, the original images, the process undertaken and lessons learned. Included are: 1. 47 original images illustrating built environment and lifestyle representations. 2. The 39 images used in the final study and the 13 sets under which the images for the final study were categorised. 3. Two versions of a journey map, the researcher’s original sketch and a second professionally produced colour version. 3a) The colour map was the first iteration of key themes considered important for a comfortable care home life. 3b) The journey idea became the framework for the common sequence of topics for the activity. 4. The design of a more accessible ethical consenting process including the resulting information card and the consenting form. 5. A series of charts to illustrate the development and process of thematic analysis prior to and including the final themes. This includes affinity mapping and the iteration of various code charts. 6. A categorisation the findings of residents’ overall reactions to topics and images. 7. A paper documenting stages of research method and links to objects 8. A Folder Tree illustrating the hierarchy of folders, files and document type

Students’ In-School Meal Experiences: A Study Of K - 5th Graders’ Level Of Satisfaction

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE To explore the relationships between grade level and students’ in-school meal experiences including school food service outcome measures and satisfaction with food from home. METHODS Outcomes were measured using an online survey conducted within one urban school district. Food selection was self-reported while a 7-point emoji facial scale was used to measure students’ satisfaction with their dining experience, school foods, and food brought from home. A convenience sample of 1942 elementary students was solicited among kindergarten to 5th grade students in nine schools. Cluster analysis on mean responses was used to classify grades into like groups. Analysis of variance was used to determine differences in mean values for each item by grade group. RESULTS Results show that grade level had a significant impact on mean satisfaction ratings. Two distinct grade groups were identified: kindergarten through 2nd grades and 3rd through 5th grades. As grade level increased from kindergarten to 5th grade, students selected a wider variety of entrees but their ratings indicated decreased satisfaction. One striking exception was noted, satisfaction with food brought from home became more positive with increasing grade level. APPLICATION TO CHILD NUTRITION PROFESSIONALS Findings from this study highlight the importance of obtaining feedback as evenly as possible across grades in an effort to ensure collected data reflects the opinions of the whole population. If even sampling is not achieved, nutrition programs striving to gather information from their student body can apply grade-level weighting factors to compensate for over- or under-sampling. Findings from this study also suggest that there are opportunities to improve satisfaction and possibly increase program participation with solicitation of feedback. Understanding grade level differences in food item selection and satisfaction can provide valuable insights for food service professionals planning menus and making procurement decisions for their operations. Furthermore, results suggest a better understanding of the phenomena surrounding students’ satisfaction with food brought from home is needed

The impact of diet during adolescence on the neonatal health of offspring:evidence on the importance of preconception diet. The HUNT study

Emerging evidence suggests that parents’ nutritional status before and at the time of conception influences the lifelong physical and mental health of their child. Yet little is known about the relationship between diet in adolescence and the health of the next generation at birth. This study examined data from Norwegian cohorts to assess the relationship between dietary patterns in adolescence and neonatal outcomes. Data from adolescents who participated in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (Young-HUNT) were merged with birth data for their offspring through the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Young-HUNT1 collected data from 8980 adolescents between 1995 and 1997. Linear regression was used to assess associations between adolescents’ diet and later neonatal outcomes of their offspring adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Analyses were replicated with data from the Young-HUNT3 cohort (dietary data collected from 2006 to 2008) and combined with Young-HUNT1 for pooled analyses. In Young-HUNT1, there was evidence of associations between dietary choices, meal patterns, and neonatal outcomes, these were similar in the pooled analyses but were attenuated to the point of nonsignificance in the smaller Young-HUNT3 cohort. Overall, energy-dense food products were associated with a small detrimental impact on some neonatal outcomes, whereas healthier food choices appeared protective. Our study suggests that there are causal links between consumption of healthy and unhealthy food and meal patterns in adolescence with neonatal outcomes for offspring some years later. The effects seen are small and will require even larger studies with more state-of-the-art dietary assessment to estimate these robustly

Faster, broader, and deeper! Suggested directions for research on net-zero transitions

The growing attention to the political goal of achieving net-zero emissions by mid-century reflects past failures to alter the trajectory of increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. As a consequence, the world now needs to decarbonize all systems and sectors at an unprecedented pace. This commentary discusses how the net-zero challenge presents transition scholarship with four enhanced research challenges that merit more attention: (1) the speed, (2) breadth and (3) depth of transitions as well as (4) tensions and interactions between these.Faster, broader, and deeper! Suggested directions for research on net-zero transitionspublishedVersio