tpc133710_SupplementalDS15

tpc133710_SupplementalDS1

Phylogenetic analysis and exon–intron structures of grapevine expansin genes.

<p>(<b>A</b>) The deduced amino acid sequences of the grapevine expansins were aligned with MAFFT v6.0 software and the phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor joining method in MEGA v4.0. The reliability of the predicted tree was tested by bootstrapping with 1000 replicates. The percentage of neighbor-joining bootstrap replications (>60%) is shown above each node. (<b>B</b>) Exon–intron structures of the grapevine expansin genes. On the left, exons are represented as boxes (drawn to scale) whereas introns are represented as lines (not drawn to scale). Blue, yellow and red boxes in exons indicate the HFD, Box 1 and Box2 motifs, respectively. On the right, the intron structure for each expansin gene is indicated, with positions as previously defined <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0062206#pone.0062206-Sampedro1" target="_blank">[8]</a>. The intron in position H was defined in the present work.</p

Grapevine expansin gene expression in berry tissues during post-harvest withering process.

<p>Expression data from the ripening stage were included for comparison. Genes were variance-filtered eliminating 50% of the expansin genes showing low variation between samples. Selected expansin genes (<i>VvEXLA1</i>, <i>VvEXPA19</i>, <i>VvEXPA17</i> and <i>VvEXPA14</i>) were validated by real time RT-PCR. Transcripts were normalized to the expression of ubiquitin (<i>UBQ</i>). Bars indicate standard error (SE) in three technical replicates.</p

Sizes of the four expansin families in different plants.

<p>The number of expansin genes in each family is listed in grapevine, Arabidopsis, poplar and rice.</p

Chromosomal distribution of grapevine expansin genes.

<p>Chromosomes bearing no expansin genes are highlighted with gray shading.</p

Expression of the grapevine EXLB gene family in woody organs.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Expression data were normalized based on the mean expression value of each gene in a selected subset of tissues/organs. The color scheme used to represent expression level is red/green: black boxes indicate a low variation in expression, green boxes indicate a fold decrease and red boxes indicate a fold increase with respect to the mean value. Samples were hierarchically clustered based on the average Pearson's distance. (<b>B</b>) <i>VvEXLB3</i> and <i>VvEXLB4</i> were analyzed by real time RT-PCR in rachis, bud and stem both at the green and woody stages to validate data obtained from the expression atlas. Transcripts were normalized to the expression of ubiquitin (<i>UBQ</i>). Bars indicate standard error (SE) in three technical replicates.</p

Grapevine expansin gene expression during berry pericarp growth and ripening.

<p>Expression data were restricted to berry development from fruit set to ripening. Genes were variance-filtered eliminating 50% of the expansin genes showing low variation in expression among the different stages. (<b>B</b>) The expression of selected expansin genes, specifically expressed in different berry developmental stages, was validated by real time RT-PCR. Transcripts were normalized to the expression of ubiquitin (<i>UBQ</i>). Bars indicate standard error (SE) in three technical replicates.</p

tpc133710_SupplementalDS13

tpc133710_SupplementalDS1

bakery delivery

bakeryWALHS BAKERY BAKERY DELIVERY USED NO WRAPPING ON BREAD AND LONG STICK WITH HOOK ON END TO PULL BREAD FROM WAGONJH 6/72Not usedNot usedWithdrawnThere is a drawing on card

The Evolutionary History and Diverse Physiological Roles of the Grapevine Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase Gene Family

<div><p>Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are molecular switches that bind Ca²⁺, ATP, and protein substrates, acting as sensor relays and responders that convert Ca²⁺ signals, created by developmental processes and environmental stresses, into phosphorylation events. The precise functions of the CDPKs in grapevine (<i>Vitis vinifera</i>) are largely unknown. We therefore investigated the phylogenetic relationships and expression profiles of the 17 CDPK genes identified in the 12x grapevine genome sequence, resolving them into four subfamilies based on phylogenetic tree topology and gene structures. The origins of the CDPKs during grapevine evolution were characterized, involving 13 expansion events. Transcriptomic analysis using 54 tissues and developmental stages revealed three types of CDPK gene expression profiles: constitutive (housekeeping CDPKs), partitioned functions, and prevalent in pollen/stamen. We identified two duplicated CDPK genes that had evolved from housekeeping to pollen-prevalent functions and whose origin correlated with that of seed plants, suggesting neofunctionalization with an important role in pollen development and also potential value in the breeding of seedless varieties. We also found that CDPKs were involved in three abiotic stress signaling pathways and could therefore be used to investigate the crosstalk between stress responses.</p></div