Reservoir management optimization: case study of an oil rim located in the Gulf of Guinea comparing dynamic simulation of low cost smart wells with conventional wells

Imperial Users onl

The Black (W)hole: Examining Institutional Racism in Doctoral Education, an OrgCrit Perspective

Centering the role of institutional racism within graduate education remains an understudied topic in existing literature on Black doctoral student socialization experiences at Predominantly White Institutions (PWI). This leaves us with a void of sorts—or a Black (w)hole—whereby numerous studies acknowledge challenges within the collective Black doctoral student experience, yet, a hole (or void) exists within our understanding of how researchers interpret institutional racism at the center of their scholarly inquiry. Thus, this systematic literature review applied a critical organizational theory perspective to examine how higher education scholars grappled with the issue of institutional racism within their studies on Black doctoral students at PWIs.Educatio

Tensions and consensus between medical disciplines: The history of orthopaedics and its links with surgery

Orthopaedics covers a variety of techniques, from surgery to physical medicine or rehabilitation. Since orthopaedics focuses on the musculoskeletal system, which involves different parts of the body, its treatment spectrum reaches all ages. However this has not always been the case, and orthopaedics remains highly diversified from country to country. Although it is mainly developed into a highly specialized field of surgery. This article retraces the development of orthopeadics from its be beginnings to the highly diversified field of surgery which is known today

Gender and geography in Africa : developments, challenges and trajectories for the future

This paper provides an overview of current developments in the study of women and gender studies in general and in geography in particular in Africa. It begins by locating gender and women's studies in the context of international women's movements and examines the context of gender and women's studies in Africa. It also traces how gender has evolved and transformed in geography over the decades in sub Saharan Africa and outlines challenges and potential trajectories for future direction on gender and geography in Africa.Aquest article ofereix una visió àmplia de la situació actual dels estudis de les dones i de gènere, en general, i en geografia, en particular, a l'Àfrica. S'inicia amb la localització d'aquests estudis en el context dels moviments femenins internacionals i s'examina quin és el seu marc a l'Àfrica. Tanmateix, s'hi explica com el gènere s'ha desenvolupat i s'ha transformat dins la geografia al llarg de les darreres dècades a l'Àfrica sub-sahariana, i s'hi subratllen els reptes i les trajectòries potencials de cara al futur de la geografia i el gènere en aquest continent.Este artículo ofrece una visión amplia de la situación actual de los estudios de las mujeres y de género, en general, y en geografía, en particular, en África. Se inicia con la localización de estos estudios en el contexto de los movimientos internacionales de mujeres y se examina cuál es su marco de referencia en África. Asimismo, se explica cómo el género se ha desarrollado y transformado en la geografía a lo largo de las últimas décadas en el África sub-sahariana y se subrayan los retos y las trayectorias potenciales de cara al futuro de la geografía y el género en este continente

Experiences of Socio-Spatial Exclusion Among Ghanaian Immigrant Youth in Toronto: A Case Study of the Jane-Finch Neighbourhood

Social and spatial exclusion of immigrants is an emerging phenomenon in Canadian cities. While many of the existing studies have looked at the deprivation of visible minority immigrants in education, labour market and housing patterns, little attention has so far been given to the broader issue of their socio-spatial exclusion in Canadian cities. To help fill this gap in the literature, this study assesses the nature and characteristics of socio-spatial exclusion experienced by Blacks in Canada, using Ghanaian immigrant youth in the Jane and Finch neighbourhood as a case study. The study uses a qualitative methodological approach consisting of in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The study examines the causes and possible solutions of social and spatial exclusion among Ghanaian immigrant youth. It incorporates meaningful insights from their own perspective on the drivers of exclusion in diverse situations and locations in Toronto, including: schools, churches, sports and entertainment arenas, neighbourhoods and shopping malls. Overall, the findings suggest that Ghanaian immigrant youth experiences of socio-spatial exclusion are intertwined in a dialectical process involving the Jane and Finch neighbourhood and the general public. In particular, the youth negotiate access to employment opportunities, shopping malls and adapt to exclusion through reformulation of “dress codes”, resumes, and masking of their actual neighbourhoods. Keywords: Youth, Socio-spatial exclusion, Ghanaians, Immigrants, Toronto

Sociological and ecological impacts of introduced deer populations

Human-deer interactions form an integral segment of the complex social, ecological and economic network that is important to keep in balance. As observed elsewhere, deer introductions can lead to conflict among stakeholders. Compared with deer management in rural areas, however, there is limited information on deer management in urban areas (defined as including peri-urban and semi-rural areas. It is important to investigate what the different local conditions and impacts caused by introduced deer presence in different environments and countries are, and answer the questions: What are the general public attitudes against introduced deer in populated (semi-urban/urban) areas? What factors/impacts are important in shaping these public attitudes? What are the ecological impacts? What might the management solutions be to overcome these impacts? This research was conducted in four countries: Australia, Greece, Sweden and Finland. In Australia and Finland only the social aspects of deer population growth and distribution were studied with the aim to understand differences in attitudes towards deer population presence and development; in Greece both social aspects and feeding behavior were studied, and in Sweden the focus was on forest management and deer feeding preferences. Introduced deer management in all four countries has resulted in intense debate among stakeholders, including landowners, recreational hunters, animal welfare groups, conservation organizations etc. The results give insights into general attitudes on deer, which depend on the balance between positive impacts (game value; aesthetic etc. values) vs. negative impacts (traffic accidents; browsing damage; indirect effects through changes in the abundance of other species such as predators). E.g. the development of positive attitudes toward Australia’s feral deer is contrasted by a simultaneous negative view of them as pests and / or a hunting resource. In Greece, our interviews revealed a general positive attitude of all respondents for deer presence on the study island, and in Finland approximately 90% of the respondents ‘appreciated’ having deer on their properties. The overall problem is uncontrolled introduced deer population spread over suburban territory, and no actual management. Despite the claim that recreational hunters of e.g. Australia serve to control feral deer, deer numbers are increasing, at least near major urban centres such as Brisbane, Melbourne, and Sydney. Deer-vehicle collisions are one of the major impacts in Australia, Greece and Finland caused by introduced deer populations. Browsing damage was not a major problem, as in e.g. Sweden spruce was the least preferred species and in Finland and Greece people were providing supplemental feeding during winter. Management issues related to introduced deer that need further attention include environmental and hunting legislation/policy, population monitoring (i.e. monitoring translocations, habitat use and feeding behavior), compliance to and enforcement of regulations, and the education and awareness of local communities. The current legislative approach to deer management is predominantly geared toward game hunting, with limited consideration of other values and effects. To underpin the future management of suburban deer, there is a need to involve all major decision makers – all local residents dealing on a daily basis with issues caused by deer. Additional calculations are needed to understand the economic impacts of introduced deer populations. The socioeconomic effects of introduced deer mostly depended on local needs and community awareness and there cannot be a generic approach to management in all situations or for all deer species; however, it is possible to manage deer not as pests but as a part of suburban habitat and culture.Ihmisten ja kauriseläinten väliset vuorovaikutukset muodostavat kokonaisuuden, joka koostuu sosiaalisista, ekologisista ja taloudellisista tekijöistä. Kauriiden siirtoistutukset ovat johtaneet paikallisiin konflikteihin sidosryhmien välillä. Taajamien läheisyydessä elävien kauriskantojen hoitoon liittyvistä tekijöistä tiedetään kuitenkin vähän. Ihmisten ja kauriiden välisten suhteiden ymmärtämiseksi ja tasapainottamiseksi tarvitaankin lisätietoa kauriiden läsnäolon vaikutuksista erilaisissa ympäristöissä. Väitöstyön tarkoituksena on tutkia siirtoistutettujen kaurispopulaatioiden vaikutuksia eri maiden eroavissa olosuhteissa ja vastata näistä vaikutuksista nouseviin kysymyksiin – miten siirtoistutettuihin kauriisiin suhtaudutaan taajama-alueilla, mitkä tekijät vaikuttavat näihin asenteisiin, mitkä ovat ekologiset vaikutukset ja miten keskeisiin vaikutuksiin voitaisiin vaikuttaa? Tutkimus toteutettiin neljässä maassa: Australia, Kreikka, Ruotsi ja Suomi. Australiassa ja Suomessa tarkasteltiin kaurispopulaatioiden kasvun ja levittäytymisen sosiaalisia vaikutuksia, pyrkimyksenä ymmärtää asenteellisia eroja suhtautumisessa kauriiden läsnäoloon ja kannanmuutoksiin; Kreikassa selvitettiin lisäksi ravinnon käyttöä. Ruotsissa tutkimus keskittyi metsänhoitoon ja kauriiden ravinnonvalintaan. Luonnonvaraistuneiden kauriskantojen hoito on johtanut kaikissa maissa intensiiviseen keskusteluun sidosryhmien, kuten maanomistajien, metsästäjien sekä eläin- ja luonnonsuojelujärjestöjen, välillä. Väitöstyön tulokset auttavat ymmärtämään yleisiä asenteita, jotka riippuvat myönteisten ja kielteisten vaikutusten tasapainosta. Tutkimuksen mukaan myönteisinä vaikutuksina koettiin metsästyksen ja esteettisten elämysten kaltaiset tekijät, kielteisinä puolestaan liikenneonnettomuudet, laidunnuksen aiheuttamat tuhot sekä epäsuorat vaikutukset muiden eläinten, kuten petojen, runsauteen. Australiassa myönteisten asenteiden vastapainona on näkökulma, jonka mukaan kauriit ovat tuholaisia. Kreikassa haastattelututkimukset paljastivat yleisesti myönteisen asenteen kauriiden läsnäoloon, samoin Suomessa noin 90% vastaajista arvosti kauriiden läsnäoloa maillaan. Perusongelmaksi havaittiin siirtoistutettujen kaurispopulaatioiden rajoittamaton leviäminen taajamien ympäristöön. Huolimatta väitteistä, joiden mukaan metsästäjät rajoittavat kauriskantoja esimerkiksi Australiassa, kauriskannat kasvavat ainakin tärkeimpien asutuskeskusten ympäristössä, esimerkkeinä Brisbane, Melbourne ja Sydney. Hirvieläinkolarit ovat yksi merkittävimmistä vaikutuksista Australiassa, Kreikassa ja Suomessa. Laidunnuksen aiheuttamia tuhoja ei puolestaan koettu keskeiseksi ongelmaksi; Ruotsissa kaupallisesti tärkeä kuusi ei ollut haluttua ravintoa, Suomessa ja Kreikassa kauriille tarjottiin lisäruokaa talvikaudella. Kannanhoidossa tulisi jatkossa kiinnittää huomiota kannanseurantaan, valistukseen, ympäristö- ja metsästyslainsäädäntöön sekä säädösten täytäntöönpanoon. Nykylainsäädäntö painottuu metsästykseen, muut arvot ja vaikutukset jäävät vähemmälle huomiolle. Kauriiden kannanhoidossa tulisi huomioida kaikki sidosryhmät ja taloudelliset vaikutukset tulisi selvittää tarkemmin. Siirtoistutettujen kauriskantojen sosioekonomiset vaikutukset riippuvat paikallisista tarpeista ja yhteisön valveutuneisuudesta. Tästä syystä kaikkiin tilanteisiin ja kaurislajeihin soveltuvaa menettelytapaa ei ole. Kauriisiin ei kuitenkaan tarvitse suhtautua tuholaisina vaan kantoja voidaan hoitaa osana taajamien ympäristöä ja kulttuuria. Kauriskantojen hoidossa tulisi kiinnittää kasvavaa huomiota kauriskantojen seurantaan, taloudellisiin vaikutuksiin, lainsäädäntöön, politiikkakysymyksiin, hoitotoimenpiteiden hyväksyttävyyteen sekä koulukseen ja valistukseen. Nykyinen lainsäädäntö painottaa metsästystä enemmän kuin muita arvoja ja vaikutuksia. Kun huomioidaan, että kauriskantojen kasvu ja levittäytyminen tapahtuvat samanaikaisesti ihmispopulaatioiden kasvun kanssa, odotettavissa on konfliktien lisääntyminen. Kauriskantojen hoidon tueksi on tarve ennakoida konfliktitilanteet ja niihin johtavat tekijät. Toimivimpien ratkaisumallien ja hoitosuunnitelmien löytämiseksi päätöksentekoon tulisi osallistaa kaikki asukasryhmät, jotka ovat päivittäin tekemisissä kauriiden vaikutusten kanssa. Siirtoistutettujen kaurispopulaatioiden sosioekonomiset vaikutukset riippuvat paikallisista tarpeista ja yleisön tiedon määrästä, joten kaikkiin tilanteisiin tai kaikkiin kaurislajeihin sopivaa yleistä hoitosuunnitelmaa tuskin löytyy. Silti kaurispopulaatioita on mahdollista hoitaa osana taajamien luontoa ja kulttuuria sen sijaan, että ne nähtäisiin vain tuholaisina

Accountability and Surveillance Between Government, Community and Private Sector Spatial Planning in Senegal

This study focuses on the issues of accountability and surveillance in the spatial planning process in Senegal. The study examines the relationships between the government, community, and private sector and identifies the challenges and barriers to transparency, participation, and accountability in the planning process. Also investigates the use of surveillance technologies in the planning process and the implications on privacy and civil liberties. The findings of the study reveal that while there are legal frameworks and institutional structures in place for ensuring accountability, they are often not effectively implemented or enforced. Community participation in the spatial planning process is often limited, and that they face various challenges, particularly in terms of being informed and consulted about development projects that affect them. The private sector plays a significant role in the spatial planning process in Senegal, but that there are inadequate mechanisms in place to hold them accountable for their actions. The government needs to strengthen the legal framework and institutional structures in place for ensuring accountability in the spatial planning process in Senegal, with a focus on the government's role and responsibilities, increase community participation and engagement in the planning process, and ensure that the private sector is held accountable for their actions in the spatial planning process in Senegal. The study emphasizes the need for effective mechanisms to ensure transparency, participation, and accountability in the spatial planning process in Senegal, particularly in the context of the relationships between the government, community, and private sector

In vivo magnetic resonance imaging for assessing the integrity of the blood-tumour barrier in a mouse model of melanoma brain metastasis

Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. Metastasis to the brain is a life-threatening complication of melanoma in which the clinical incidence is 6-43%. Few animal models exist for melanoma brain metastases, and many are not clinically relevant. MRI was implemented to examine the development of tumors in a clinically relevant model of melanoma brain metastases. Balanced steady-state free precession (b-SSFP) sequence was used to assess total metastasis burden, T1wSE MRI using Gd-DTPA was used to assess blood-tumour barrier (BTB) integrity in vivo and dextran perfusion was used to assess BTB leakiness in situ. This model produced low tumour burden ranging from 5 to 19 metastases at endpoint, many nonenhancing metastases were detected at early time points and there was considerable heterogeneity in permeability of the BTB for melanoma brain metastases. This clinically relevant model can be applied in future studies involving testing efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents

Hope is a discipline: Feminism, Dichotomy, and the Ethics of Transformative Justice

Senior thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the Bachelor\u27s of Arts in Englis