Treatment of fish farming effluents in anaerobic and aerobic combined reactors

Orientador: Ariovaldo José da SilvaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia AgrícolaResumo: Os efluentes de piscicultura intensiva podem conter concentrações elevadas de matéria orgânica e nitrogênio originado das sobras de ração e na excreção. A fim de minimizar os impactos e a frequência de trocas de água no tanque este projeto de pesquisa visa o desenvolvimento de tecnologia para tratamento e reúso de efluentes gerados em tanques de piscicultura intensiva. Foi estudado um sistema combinado de reatores anaeróbio (340L) e aeróbio (170L) com a finalidade de remoção de matéria orgânica, nitrogênio amoniacal e nitrito de um aquário de produção intensiva de tilápias (140L) por meio dos processos Anammox e Canon. As bactérias anammox são específicas e para comparar a diversidade microbiana desenvolvida no reator de tratamento de piscicultura foi realizado o enriquecimento de uma cultura de bactérias com atividade anammox em Reator de Bateladas Sequenciais (RBS) a partir do mesmo lodo anaeróbio utilizado como inóculo dos reatores anaeróbios. O sistema de reatores anaeróbio-aeróbio foi eficiente na remoção de matéria orgânica (66%), porém a eficácia na remoção da carga de nitrogênio do sistema foi baixa (30%) devido à influência da geração de amônia nos reatores anaeróbios e nitrito por processo convencional de nitrificação no reator aeróbio. As cargas de carbono orgânico total, sólidos totais e sólidos suspensos voláteis apresentaram redução de 44%, 29% e 63%, respectivamente. Portanto, o sistema estudado não ofereceu segurança para sugerir a recirculação direta dos efluentes tratados para o tanque de criação de peixes, sendo necessário pós-tratamento para garantir as concentrações de amônia e nitrito abaixo dos limites de toxicidades para os animais. A biomassa enriquecida em reator de batelada apresentou significativa atividade anammox, observada pelas reduções de amônia e nitrito. O sequenciamento em larga escala do RNA robissomal 16S da biomassa bacteriana mostrou duas comunidades bacterianas anaeróbias que podem estar relacionadas com a atividade anammox apresentada. A primeira, bactérias do gênero Ignavibacteria, com referência em atividades desnitrificante e de redução de amônia em culturas anammox; e bactérias do gênero Thiobacillus, específicos da redução de enxofre, porém com referência na redução de nitrogênio por desnitrificação. A cultura enriquecida a partir do inoculo de bovinocutura de leite para obtenção de bactérias anammox no RBS poderá ser utilizada como inóculo no start-up de sistemas e reatores anammoxAbstract: Effluents from intensive fish farming may contain high concentrations of organic matter and nitrogen from feed leftovers and excretion. In order to minimize the impacts and frequency of water exchanges in the tank, this research project aims to develop technology for treatment and reuse of effluents generated in intensive fish ponds. A combined system of anaerobic (340L) and aerobic (170L) reactors was studied for the purpose of removing organic matter, ammoniacal nitrogen and nitrite from an intensive tilapia production aquarium (140L) using the Anammox and Canon processes.The anammox bacteria are specific and to compare the microbial diversity developed in the treatment reactor of fish farming was carried out the enrichment of a culture of bacteria with anammox activity in Sequential Batch Reactor (RBS) from the same anaerobic sludge used as inoculum of the anaerobic reactors . The anaerobic-aerobic reactor system was efficient in the removal of organic matter (66%), but the efficiency in the removal of the nitrogen load from the system was low (30%) due to the influence of the ammonia generation in the anaerobic and nitrite reactors by process Of nitrification in the aerobic reactor. Total organic carbon, total solids and suspended solids volatiles presented a reduction of 44%, 29% and 63%, respectively.Therefore, the system studied did not offer safety to suggest direct recirculation of treated effluents to the fish breeding tank, posttreatment is required to ensure ammonia and nitrite concentrations below the toxicity limits for the animals. The biomass enriched in a batch reactor showed significant anammox activity, observed by reductions of ammonia and nitrite. The large-scale sequencing of the 16S robissomal RNA from bacterial biomass showed two anaerobic bacterial communities that may be related to the anammox activity presented.The first, bacteria of the genus Ignavibacteria, with reference in denitrifying activities and of ammonia reduction in anammox cultures; And bacteria of the genus Thiobacillus, specific for the reduction of sulfur, but with reference in the reduction of nitrogen by denitrification. The culture enriched from bovine inoculum of milk to obtain anammox bacteria in the RBS can be used as inoculum in the start-up of anammox systems and reactorsMestradoAgua e SoloMestra em Engenharia Agrícola481361/2013-8CNPQCAPE

Hematological and morphometric blood value of four cultured species of economically important tropical foodfish

The use and validation of fish health monitoring tools have become increasingly evident due to aquaculture expansion. This study investigated the hematology and blood morphometrics of Piaractus mesopotamicus, Brycon orbignyanus, Oreochromis niloticus and Rhamdia quelen. The fish were kept for 30 days in 300-liter aquariums, after which they were anesthetized with benzocaine and blood was collected from caudal vessels. In comparison to other species, B. orbignyanus presented the highest hematocrit (Ht), RBC averages and Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) with a particular range of data. B. orbignyanus presented lower Ht, Hb, RBC averages and values, and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC). Oreochromis niloticus presented lower Ht, Hb, RBC averages and values, and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC). Rhamdia quelen and O. niloticus presented higher variation of White Blood Cells (WBC), neutrophils (Nf), lymphocytes (Lf), monocytes (Mf) and thrombocytes (Trb). Data of large axes (LA), minor axes (MA), surface (SF) and volume (VL) are in the same variance range. This study has demonstrated that hematological variances can occur between animals of different species as well as of the same species

Hematological and morphometric blood value of four cultured species of economically important tropical foodfish

The use and validation of fish health monitoring tools have become increasingly evident due to aquaculture expansion. This study investigated the hematology and blood morphometrics of Piaractus mesopotamicus, Brycon orbignyanus, Oreochromis niloticus and Rhamdia quelen. The fish were kept for 30 days in 300-liter aquariums, after which they were anesthetized with benzocaine and blood was collected from caudal vessels. In comparison to other species, B. orbignyanus presented the highest hematocrit (Ht), RBC averages and Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) with a particular range of data. B. orbignyanus presented lower Ht, Hb, RBC averages and values, and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC). Oreochromis niloticus presented lower Ht, Hb, RBC averages and values, and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC). Rhamdia quelen and O. niloticus presented higher variation of White Blood Cells (WBC), neutrophils (Nf), lymphocytes (Lf), monocytes (Mf) and thrombocytes (Trb). Data of large axes (LA), minor axes (MA), surface (SF) and volume (VL) are in the same variance range. This study has demonstrated that hematological variances can occur between animals of different species as well as of the same species

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field