A case report of a rare intramuscular granular cell tumor

Background: Granular cell tumors (GCTs) were firstly described by Weber in 1854 and 70 years later by Abrikossoff and classified as benign tumors. Originally considered muscle tumors, they have been identified as neural lesions, due to their close association with nerve and to their immunohystochemical characteristics. GCTs are uncommon tumors and they may arise in any part of the body; they have been mainly observed in tongue, chest wall and upper extremities; less frequent sites are larynx, gastrointestinal tract, breast, pituitary stalk and the female anogenital region. Here we report a case of GCT showing an uncommon localization such as the upper third of the right rectus muscle of the abdominal wall. Case presentation: A 45 year-old woman of Caucasian origin presented to the surgeon with a 6-month history of light pain in the upper third of the abdominal wall. Radiological exams (Ultrasonography, Computed Tomography and Contrast magnetic resonance imaging) showed a localized in the right rectus abdominis muscle. After excision, histological and immunohystochemical analysis, with the support of electron microscopy, allowed making diagnosis of granular cell tumor. Discussion: After fist description by Abrikosoff in 1926 of GCT like mesenchymal tumor of unknown origin, in recent years immunohystochemical techniques definitely demonstrated the histogenetic derivation of GCT from Schwann cells. Granular cell tumors are rare, small, slow-growing, solitary and painless subcutaneous nodules which behave in a benign fashion, but can have a tendency to recur; in rare cases they can metastasize, when they became malignant; there are some clinical and histological criteria to suspect the malignance of this tumor. Conclusion: It is important that clinicians, radiologists and pathologists are aware of the clinical presentation and histopathology of GCT for appropriate management, counselling and follow-up. In our case we had a complete radiological, morphological and immunohystochemical characterization of the lesion and a definitive diagnosis of benignity confirmed by electron microscopy

Computational electromagnetics for the SKA-Low prototype station AAVS2

We summarize the activities conducted since 2019 in the numerical electromagnetic analysis of one prototype station of the SKA-Low telescope. Working closely with the SKA Observatory, two teams based in Australia and Italy have collaborated effectively in modeling and analyzing AAVS2, which is the most recent prototype of an SKA-Low station installed in Western Australia. A comprehensive overview of the main electromagnetic parameters at element and array level obtained with two different commercial solvers is presented. Results for scattering parameters, individual element patterns, and station beams are shown; all these fully incorporate mutual coupling effects. Sensitivity of the station is addressed, as the cross-polarization performance. Finally, we also address some lessons learned and their impact on the project

Test-Driven Design of an Active Dual-Polarized Log-Periodic Antenna for the Square Kilometre Array

An active dual-polarized Log-Periodic antenna has been designed to meet the requirements of the low-frequency (50-350 MHz) radio telescope of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA). The integration of antenna and low noise amplifier has been conceived in order to achieve a high degree of testability. This aspect has been found to be crucial to obtain a smooth frequency response compatible with the SKA science cases. The design has also been driven by other factors such as the large-volume production (more than 130 000 antennas will be built) and the environmental conditions of the harsh Australian desert. A specific verification approach based on both wideband radiometric spectral and spatial measurements in relevant laboratory and in-situ conditions has been developed. Electromagnetic analyses and experimental results exhibit a very good agreement. In December 2019, this antenna was part of the reference solution for the System Critical Design Review of the SKA

Characterization of the SKA1-Low prototype station Aperture Array Verification System 2

The low frequency component of the Square Kilometre Array (SKA1-Low) will be an aperture phased array located at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory (MRO) site in Western Australia. It will be composed of 512 stations, each consisting of 256 log-periodic dual-polarized antennas, and will operate in the low frequency range (50 to 350 MHz) of the SKA bandwidth. The Aperture Array Verification System 2 (AAVS2), operational since late 2019, is the last full-size engineering prototype station deployed at the MRO site before the start of the SKA1-Low construction phase. The aim of this paper is to characterize the station performance through commissioning observations at six different frequencies (55, 70, 110, 160, 230, and 320 MHz) collected during its first year of activities. We describe the calibration procedure, present the resulting all-sky images and their analysis, and discuss the station calibratability and system stability. Using the difference imaging method, we also derive estimates of the SKA1-Low sensitivity for the same frequencies and compare them with those obtained through electromagnetic simulations across the entire telescope bandwidth, finding good agreement (within 13%). Moreover, our estimates exceed the SKA1-Low requirements at all considered frequencies by up to a factor of ∼2.3. Our results are very promising and allow for an initial validation of the AAVS2 prototype station performance, which is an important step toward the coming SKA1-Low telescope construction and science

Genome-wide identification and phenotypic characterization of seizure-associated copy number variations in 741,075 individuals

Copy number variants (CNV) are established risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders with seizures or epilepsy. With the hypothesis that seizure disorders share genetic risk factors, we pooled CNV data from 10,590 individuals with seizure disorders, 16,109 individuals with clinically validated epilepsy, and 492,324 population controls and identified 25 genome-wide significant loci, 22 of which are novel for seizure disorders, such as deletions at 1p36.33, 1q44, 2p21-p16.3, 3q29, 8p23.3-p23.2, 9p24.3, 10q26.3, 15q11.2, 15q12-q13.1, 16p12.2, 17q21.31, duplications at 2q13, 9q34.3, 16p13.3, 17q12, 19p13.3, 20q13.33, and reciprocal CNVs at 16p11.2, and 22q11.21. Using genetic data from additional 248,751 individuals with 23 neuropsychiatric phenotypes, we explored the pleiotropy of these 25 loci. Finally, in a subset of individuals with epilepsy and detailed clinical data available, we performed phenome-wide association analyses between individual CNVs and clinical annotations categorized through the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO). For six CNVs, we identified 19 significant associations with specific HPO terms and generated, for all CNVs, phenotype signatures across 17 clinical categories relevant for epileptologists. This is the most comprehensive investigation of CNVs in epilepsy and related seizure disorders, with potential implications for clinical practice

FLASH Radiotherapy: Expectations, Challenges, and Current Knowledge

Major strides have been made in the development of FLASH radiotherapy (FLASH RT) in the last ten years, but there are still many obstacles to overcome for transfer to the clinic to become a reality. Although preclinical and first-in-human clinical evidence suggests that ultra-high dose rates (UHDRs) induce a sparing effect in normal tissue without modifying the therapeutic effect on the tumor, successful clinical translation of FLASH-RT depends on a better understanding of the biological mechanisms underpinning the sparing effect. Suitable in vitro studies are required to fully understand the radiobiological mechanisms associated with UHDRs. From a technical point of view, it is also crucial to develop optimal technologies in terms of beam irradiation parameters for producing FLASH conditions. This review provides an overview of the research progress of FLASH RT and discusses the potential challenges to be faced before its clinical application. We critically summarize the preclinical evidence and in vitro studies on DNA damage following UHDR irradiation. We also highlight the ongoing developments of technologies for delivering FLASH-compliant beams, with a focus on laser-driven plasma accelerators suitable for performing basic radiobiological research on the UHDR effects

Neuropsychological profile of mild temporal lobe epilepsy

Objective: In the current literature, whether patients with mild mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mMTLE) have typical neurocognitive profile similar to patients with treatment-refractory seizures still remains unknown. The purpose of the present work was to analyze the neuropsychological profile in a group of consecutive patients with mMTLE. Methods: Forty consecutive patients whose conditions were diagnosed with mMTLE and 30 healthy controls (HC) were evaluated with an extensive neuropsychological battery. In addition, self-report questionnaires were also administered to evaluate the subjective impairments in prospective and retrospective memories. Finally, the levels of depression and anxiety were evaluated using the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) and the State\u2013Trait Anxiety Inventory \u2014 Form Y1 (STAI-YI e 2). Results: Patients with mMTLE patients showed higher BDI-II scores (15.9 \ub1 13.9 vs 7.2 \ub1 6.7; p =, 002), and higher STAI-Y1 (41.2 \ub1 14.6 vs 32.6 \ub1 9.8; p =, 005) together with both objective and subjective memory deficits. Although BDI-II and STAI scores strongly correlated to the outcome in Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and prospective and retrospective memory questionnaire (PRMQ) (p < 0.0021), these results did not change without depression scores. Conclusion: We showed that a specific neurocognitive profile in patients with mMTLE exists. The neuropsychological features are mood depression, verbal memory immediate and delayed deficits, and subjective prospective and retrospective memory deficits

Gi Protein Modulation of the Potassium Channel TASK-2 Mediates Vesicle Osmotic Swelling to Facilitate the Fusion of Aquaporin-2 Water Channel Containing Vesicles

Vesicle fusion is a fundamental cell biological process similar from yeasts to humans. For secretory vesicles, swelling is considered a step required for the expulsion of intravesicular content. Here this concept is revisited providing evidence that it may instead represent a general mechanism. We report the first example that non-secretory vesicles, committed to insert the Aquaporin-2 water channel into the plasma membrane, swell and this phenomenon is required for fusion to plasma membrane. Through an interdisciplinary approach, using atomic force microscope (AFM), a fluorescence-based assay of vesicle volume changes and NMR spectroscopy to measure water self-diffusion coefficient, we provide evidence that Gi protein modulation of potassium channel TASK-2 localized in AQP2 vesicles, is required for vesicle swelling. Estimated intravesicular K⁺ concentration in AQP2 vesicles, as measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, was 5.3 mM, demonstrating the existence of an inwardly K⁺ chemical gradient likely generating an osmotic gradient causing vesicle swelling upon TASK-2 gating. Of note, abrogation of K⁺ gradient significantly impaired fusion between vesicles and plasma membrane. We conclude that vesicle swelling is a potentially important prerequisite for vesicle fusion to the plasma membrane and may be required also for other non-secretory vesicles, depicting a general mechanism for vesicle fusion

Psychiatric Assessment in Patients with Mild Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Objectives. The findings of previous studies focused on personality disorders in epileptic patients are difficult to interpret due to nonhomogeneous samples and noncomparable methods. Here, we aimed at studying the personality profile in patients with mild temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) with psychiatric comorbidity. Materials and Methods. Thirty-five patients with mTLE (22 males, mean age 40.7±12.1) underwent awake and sleep EEG, 3T brain MRI, and an extensive standardized diagnostic neuropsychiatric battery: Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R), Beck Depression Inventory-2, and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Drug history was collected in detail. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis was performed on TCI-R data, while all other clinical and psychological variables were compared across the resulting clusters. Results. Scores of Harm Avoidance (HA), Reward Dependence (RD), Persistence (P), Cooperativeness (C), and Self-Transcendence (ST) allowed the identification of two clusters, describing different personality subtypes. Cluster 1 was characterized by an early onset, more severe anxiety traits, and combined drug therapy (antiepileptic drug and Benzodiazepine/Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) compared to Cluster 2. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that different personality traits may play a role in determining the clinical outcome in patients with mTLE. Specifically, lower scores of HA, RD, P, C, and ST were associated with worse clinical outcome. Thus, personality assessment could serve as an early indicator of greater disease severity, improving the management of mTLE