Phanerogamic flora and vegetation of Itacolomi State Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Abstract Located in the municipalities of Ouro Preto and Mariana, in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero (QF) of Minas Gerais, the Itacolomi State Park (ISP) shelters more than 7,000 ha of remnants of Atlantic Forest and campos rupestres. The QF region has high biodiversity and is being highly impacted, mainly by mining activities. Aiming to organize the available floristic information and to support related research, this study presents the list of phanerogamic species of the ISP and the major vegetation types. This survey was carried out from October/1992 to July/2006, by monthly field trips. Besides authors´ personal collections, other records were assembled from herbarium databank. A total of 1623 taxons belonging to 122 families were listed. The families with higher species richness were Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Melastomataceae, Poaceae and Orchidaceae. The vegetation is represented by campos rupestres (51% of the total area), followed by montane forests (40%) and anthropogenic disturbed areas (9%). The greatest species richness occurs in campos rupestres. Several species are threatened and/or endemic. The knowledge of phanerogamic flora of ISP can help the Management Plan of this Unit of Conservation. It is also a contribution for future-related studies of the flora of ISP, Minas Gerais and Brazil

Flora fanerogâmica e vegetação do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Located in the municipalities of Ouro Preto and Mariana, in the Quadrilatero Ferrifero (QF) of Minas Gerais, the Itacolomi State Park (ISP) shelters more than 7,000 ha of remnants of Atlantic Forest and campos rupestres. The QF region has high biodiversity and is being highly impacted, mainly by mining activities. Aiming to organize the available floristic information and to support related research, this study presents the list of phanerogamic species of the ISP and the major vegetation types. This survey was carried out from October/1992 to July/2006, by monthly field trips. Besides authors' personal collections, other records were assembled from herbarium databank. A total of 1623 taxons belonging to 122 families were listed. The families with higher species richness were Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Melastomataceae, Poaceae and Orchidaceae. The vegetation is represented by campos rupestres (51% of the total area), followed by montane forests (40%) and anthropogenic disturbed areas (9%). The greatest species richness occurs in campos rupestres. Several species are threatened and/or endemic. The knowledge of phanerogamic flora of ISP can help the Management Plan of this Unit of Conservation. It is also a contribution for future-related studies of the flora of ISP, Minas Gerais and Brazil171FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE MINAS GERAIS - FAPEMIGO Parque Estadual do Itacolomi (PEIT) localiza-se nos municípios de Ouro Preto e Mariana, no Quadrilátero Ferrífero de Minas Gerais e abriga mais de 7.000 ha de remanescentes de mata atlântica e campos rupestres. A região do QF possui alta biodiversidade vegetal e está sobre alto impacto, principalmente pela mineração. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar a lista das espécies fanerogâmicas e os principais tipos vegetacionais desse Parque, no intuito de organizar a diversidade florística existente, além de servir como suporte para pesquisas correlatas subsequentes. O levantamento florístico foi realizado de outubro/1992 a julho/2006 por excursões mensais ao campo. Foram também incluídas na listagem registros ocorrentes em banco de dados de herbários. Foram identificados 1623 táxons, pertencentes à 122 famílias. As famílias mais representativas foram Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Melastomataceae, Poaceae e Orchidaceae. A vegetação do PEIT é constituída por campos rupestres (51% da área do parque), seguido pelas florestas montanas (40%) e por formações antrópicas (9%). A maior riqueza de espécies ocorre nos campos rupestres. Diversas espécies figuram em listas de espécies ameaçadas de extinção e outras são endêmicas. O conhecimento da flora fanerogâmica do Parque Estadual do Itacolomi pode subsidiar o Plano de Manejo dessa Unidade de Conservação e contribuir para futuros trabalhos correlatos nesta área, além de suprir conhecimentos para a flora de Minas Gerais e do BrasilIEF/PROFLOREST

Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of friedelanes from Maytenus robusta branches and isolation of further triterpenoids

The new pentacyclic triterpenoids friedel-1-en-3,16-dione (1), 1α,29-dihydroxyfriedelan-3-one (2) and 16β,28,29-trihydroxyfriedelan-3-one (3) were isolated from Maytenus robusta branches in addition to the known, but new for this species, triterpenoid 12α,29-dihydroxyfriedelan-3-one (4). The structures and stereochemistry of the novel triterpenoids were established by IR, 1D/2D NMR and HR-APCIMS spectral data. In addition, the biological activity of compound 2 and the previously isolated friedelanes 5–8 (friedelan-3,16-dione, 29-hydroxyfriedelan-3-one, 29-hydroxyfriedelan-3,16-dione and 16β,29-dihydroxyfriedelan-3-one) was investigated. Compounds 2 and 8 were tested for their acetylcholinesterase properties and antimicrobial activity against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Citrobacter freundii, and the fungus Candida albicans. Compound 2 was the most active compound for both assays, with values of 32.3% acetylcholinesterase inhibition, 42% activity against the fungus Candida albicans and 34% against the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Compounds 5–8 were assayed for their antiedematogenic activity using the carrageenan-induced paw edema assay. At maximum inflammation after three hours, compounds 6 and 8 showed 42% and 57% activity, respectively. After four hours, compounds 5 and 7 showed activity of 71% and 75% compared to 79% of the control indomethacin

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42·4% vs 44·2%; absolute difference -1·69 [-9·58 to 6·11] p=0·67; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5-8] vs 6 [5-8] cm H2O; p=0·0011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30·5% vs 19·9%; p=0·0004; adjusted effect 16·41% [95% CI 9·52-23·52]; p<0·0001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0·80 [95% CI 0·75-0·86]; p<0·0001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status