266 research outputs found

    Congenitally decorticate children's potential and rights

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    This article is the first indepth ethical analysis of empirical studies that support the claim that children born without major parts of their cerebral cortex are capable of conscious experiences and have a rudimentary capacity for agency. Congenitally decorticate children have commonly been classified as persistently vegetative, with serious consequences for their well-being and opportunities to flourish. The paper begins with an explication of the rights-based normative framework of the argument, including conceptual analysis of the terms ‘agency’, ‘potentiality for agency’ and ‘gradual approach of agency’. It critically examines Alan Gewirth’s account of the criteria for being a rights bearer and principles for settling rights conflicts between agents and potential agents. It then applies the rights-based normative framework to the ethical challenges associated with care for congenitally decorticate children. It argues that recent empirical studies support the claim that the concepts ‘potential for agency’ and ‘capacity for rudimentary agency’ apply to children who are born without major parts of their cerebral cortex. The article finally discusses important medical ethical implications of these results. It specifically focuses on congenitally decorticate children’s preparatory rights to a stimulating intellectual and social environment

    Substituted decision making and the dispositional choice account

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    There are two main ways of understanding the function of surrogate decision making in a legal context: the Best Interests Standard and the Substituted Judgment Standard. First, we will argue that the Best Interests Standard is difficult to apply to unconscious patients. Application is difficult regardless of whether they have ever been conscious. Second, we will argue that if we accept the least problematic explanation of how unconscious patients can have interests, we are also obliged to accept that the Substituted Judgment Standard can be coherently applied to patients who have never been conscious at the same extent as the Best Interests Standard. We then argue that acknowledging this result is important in order to show patients respect.acceptedVersio

    A water-soluble fraction from a by-product of wheat increases the formation of propionic acid in rats compared with diets based on other by-product fractions and oligofructose

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    Background: Dietary fibre is fermented by the colonic microbiota to carboxylic acids (CA), with potential health effects associated in particular with butyric and propionic acid. Objective: To investigate the formation of CA in the hindgut of healthy rats fed dietary fibre from different fractions of wheat shorts, a by-product of the milling of wheat. Design: Rats were fed dietary fibre (80 g/kg feed per day for 7 days) from wheat shorts and fractions thereof (ethanol-soluble, water-soluble and insoluble fractions), oligofructose (OF) diet and a mixture of oligofructose and raffinose (OR) diet. Results: The water-soluble fraction, with a high content of arabinoxylan (AX), increased the formation of propionic acid in the hindgut and lowered the ratio of acetic to propionic acid in the portal blood of rats. High levels and proportions of butyric acid were seen in rats fed the OR diet. The pattern of CA resulting from the ethanol-soluble diet, mainly composed of fructan and raffinose, was more similar to that of the OF diet than the OR diet. Conclusions: The high formation of propionic acid with the water-soluble fraction may be attributed to the high AX content. The results also indicate that the wheat fructans produced more propionic acid and less butyric acid than oligofructose. It may furthermore be speculated that the increased formation of butyrate with the OR diet was due to synergistic effects of the components in this diet

    Olympiaskolan och humanistisk bildning som livsstilsprojekt

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    I tre fallrapporter från forskningsprojektet Framgångsrikt skolledarskap i olika skolkulturer presenteras resultat från omfattande empiriska undersökningar vid tre skolor. I rapporterna beskrivs och problematiseras skolornas respektive kultur: den aktuella gymnasieskolans kunskapskultur, där bildning kommit att bli ett kännetecken; den utvalda f-9-skolans karriärkultur, utsatt för ett kraftfullt förändringstryck från både elever och från den förvandling av såväl pedagogiska arbetsformer som av lärarnas arbete som nu pågår; slutligen f-6-skolan där en ursprunglig tvångskultur förvandlats till en skolkultur som betonar elevernas sociala och kulturella integration. Detta är emellertid endast bakgrunden till rapporternas egentliga fokus: undersökningen av tre välfungerande skolledares sätt att utöva skolledarskap i olika skolkulturer. Ur ett omfattande undersökningsmaterial växer tre skolledarskap fram. Här finner vi rektorn som är en kulturell insider men som förväntas utöva ett kulturförändrande ledarskap på en synnerligen traditionstyngd skola. Och visionären som har denna kulturförvandling bakom sig och som nu förväntas profilera en gymnasieskola med vikande söktal och som gör det genom att knyta an till skolans humanistiska bildningstradition. Slutligen den kommunikative skolledaren som skyr företeelsen lojalitet och som framgångsrikt lett förvandlingen av en problemtyngd skola till en folkskola mitt i den mångkulturella byn

    Framgångsrika skolledare i spänningsfält och allianser

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    Vad gör en skolledare framgångsrik? Och vad gör en framgångsrik skolledare? I denna artikel presenteras några resultat från forskningsprojektet Framgångsrikt skolledarskap i olika skolkulturer, vilka delvis utgör svar på frågorna. Resultaten härrör från intervjuer, enkäter, observationer och elevuppsatser och utgörs av olika skolaktörers kriterier för bedömning av skolledares framgång. I likhet med annan forskning på området konstateras att skolledare befinner sig i spänningsfält som konstitueras av olika skolaktörers varierande intressen. Dessa förhållanden analyseras i artikeln genom att för det första kopplas samman med tre spänningsfält som överhuvudtaget sätter sin prägel på dagens svenska skola: spänningsfältet mellan arbetsgivare och anställda; mellan elever och vuxna; samt mellan förändring och beständighet. För det andra analyseras skolledares allianser med olika andra aktörer inom skolan. Allianserna är på en och samma gång ett sätt att hantera de spänningar som skolledare vardagligen möter och ett sätt att konstruera framgång

    The effect of ionic strength on oil adhesion in sandstone - the search for the low salinity mechanism

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    Core flood and field tests have demonstrated that decreasing injection water salinity increases oil recovery from sandstone reservoirs. However, the microscopic mechanism behind the effect is still under debate. One hypothesis is that as salinity decreases, expansion of the electrical double layer decreases attraction between organic molecules and pore surfaces. We have developed a method that uses atomic force microscopy (AFM) in chemical force mapping (CFM) mode to explore the relationship between wettability and salinity. We functionalised AFM tips with alkanes and used them to represent tiny nonpolar oil droplets. In repeated measurements, we brought our “oil” close to the surface of sand grains taken from core plugs and we measured the adhesion between the tip and sample. Adhesion was constant in high salinity solutions but below a threshold of 5,000 to 8,000 ppm, adhesion decreased as salinity decreased, rendering the surface less oil wet. The effect was consistent, reproducible and reversible. The threshold for the onset of low salinity response fits remarkably well with observations from core plug experiments and field tests. The results demonstrate that the electric double layer force always contributes at least in part to the low salinity effect, decreasing oil wettability when salinity is low

    Återhämtning under arbetsdagen – : en inspirationsbok för individ och verksamhet

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    En inspirationsbok med verktyg för att främja återhämtning under arbetsdagen – både för individ och verksamhet
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