Phytochemical prospection, total flavonoids and total phenolic and antioxidant activity of the mushroom extract Scleroderma verrucosum (Bull.) Pers

oai:ojs.bjs.emnuvens.com.br:article/2Scleroderma verrucosum is a species of mushroom belonging to the family Sclerodermataceae found in the Americas and Europe. This study aimed to evaluate the 70% ethanol extract of the vegetative part of the mushroom S. verrucosum for qualitative phytochemical constituents and total content of flavonoids and phenolics, and the DPPH free radical reduction activity. Mushroom extract was prepared in 70% ethanol solution. Qualitative phytochemical assay was performed for different groups using colorimetric reagents. The contents of total flavonoids and phenolics, and antioxidant activity in reducing the DPPH free radical were quantitatively determined. The positive presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, triterpenoids, steroids, tannins, organic acids, reducing sugars, aromatic compounds and carboxylic acids were observed. The extract exhibited total flavonoid content = 60.14 QE 100 g-1, for total phenolics = 309.14 GAE 100 g-1 and free radical reduction of = 5.97 µg mL-1. Mushroom extract Scleroderma verrucosum demonstrated the presence of several medicinal important phytochemical groups as well as total flavonoid and phenolic content that exhibit the potential for antioxidant activity.Scleroderma verrucosum es una especie de hongo perteneciente a la familia Sclerodermataceae que se encuentra en América y Europa. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el extracto etanólico al 70% de la parte vegetativa del hongo S. verrucosum en cuanto a constituyentes fitoquímicos cualitativos y contenido total de flavonoides y fenólicos, y la actividad reductora de radicales libres DPPH. Se preparó extracto de hongos en una solución de etanol al 70%. Se realizó un ensayo fitoquímico cualitativo para diferentes grupos utilizando reactivos colorimétricos. Se determinaron cuantitativamente los contenidos de flavonoides y fenólicos totales y la actividad antioxidante en la reducción del radical libre DPPH. Se observó la presencia positiva de alcaloides, flavonoides, fenólicos, triterpenoides, esteroides, taninos, ácidos orgánicos, azúcares reductores, compuestos aromáticos y ácidos carboxílicos. El extracto exhibió un contenido total de flavonoides = 60.14 QE 100 g-1, para fenoles totales = 309.14 GAE 100 g-1 y reducción de radicales libres de = 5.97 μg mL-1. El extracto de hongo Scleroderma verrucosum demostró la presencia de varios grupos fitoquímicos importantes para la medicina, así como un contenido total de flavonoides y fenólicos que exhiben el potencial de actividad antioxidante.Scleroderma verrucosum é uma espécie de cogumelo pertencente à família Sclerodermataceae encontrada nas Américas e na Europa. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o extrato etanólico 70% da parte vegetativa do cogumelo S. verrucosum quanto aos constituintes fitoquímicos qualitativos e ao conteúdo total de flavonóides e fenólicos, e a atividade redutora do radical livre DPPH. O extrato de cogumelo foi preparado em solução de etanol a 70%. O ensaio fitoquímico qualitativo foi realizado para diferentes grupos usando reagentes colorimétricos. Os conteúdos de flavonóides e fenólicos totais e a atividade antioxidante na redução do radical livre DPPH foram determinados quantitativamente. Foi observada a presença positiva de alcalóides, flavonóides, fenólicos, triterpenóides, esteroides, taninos, ácidos orgânicos, açúcares redutores, compostos aromáticos e ácidos carboxílicos. O extrato apresentou teor de flavonóides totais = 60,14 QE 100 g-1, para fenólicos totais = 309,14 GAE 100 g-1 e redução de radical livre de = 5,97 μg mL-1. O extrato de cogumelo Scleroderma verrucosum demonstrou a presença de vários grupos fitoquímicos importantes para fins medicinais, bem como o conteúdo total de flavonóides e fenólicos que apresentam potencial para atividade antioxidante

Biodegradable films of arrowroot starch (Maranta arundinacea) incorporated with floral extract of Tabebuia impetiginosa and copper sulfate: physical and physicochemical properties, and biodegradability and antibacterial activities

Biodegradable films of arrowroot starch were incorporated with floral extract of Tabebuia impetiginosa and copper sulfate and determined to the physical, physicochemical, biodegradability and antibacterial properties. The films were produced from arrowroot starch with different concentrations of glycerol, floral extract and copper sulfate solution. Thickness, humidity, solubility, biodegradability, water vapor colorimetry, color density, transparency, FT-IR and antibacterial activity tests were performed for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella serovar Thyphymurium and serovar Enteritidis. The films had a thickness between 0.23-0.33 mm, humidity between 8.53-12.22%, biodegradability between 88.98-100%, water vapor between 255.79-433.57 g m2 day, L* between 4.77-22.36; a* between -1.20 to 0.30; b* between -1.89 to 0.13; color density between -0.09 to 0.180; maximum transparency of 80%, inhibition activity between 9.13-26.26 mm for E. coli, 5.83-24.14 mm for S. aureus, 13-42-19.39 mm for S. serovar Thyphymurium, and 22.14-26.89 mm for S. serovar Enteritidis. The arrowroot biodegradable films incorporated with floral extract of Tabebuia impetiginosa and copper sulfate showed good physical, physicochemical, biodegradability and potential antibacterial activity.Se incorporaron películas biodegradables de almidón de arrurruz con extracto floral de Tabebuia impetiginosa y sulfato de cobre y se determinaron las propiedades físicas, fisicoquímicas, biodegradables y antibacterianas. Las películas se produjeron a partir de almidón de arrurruz con diferentes concentraciones de glicerol, extracto floral y solución de sulfato de cobre. Se realizaron pruebas de espesor, humedad, solubilidad, biodegradabilidad, colorimetría del vapor de agua, densidad de color, transparencia, FT-IR y actividad antibacteriana para Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella serovar Thyphymurium y serovar Enteritidis. Las películas tenían un espesor entre 0.23-0.33 mm, humedad entre 8.53-12.22%, biodegradabilidad entre 88.98-100%, vapor de agua entre 255.79-433.57 g m2 día, L * entre 4.77-22.36; a * entre -1,20 a 0,30; b * entre -1,89 a 0,13; densidad de color entre -0,09 y 0,180; transparencia máxima del 80%, actividad de inhibición entre 9,13-26,26 mm para E. coli, 5,83-24,14 mm para S. aureus, 13-42-19,39 mm para S. serovar Thyphymurium y 22,14-26,89 mm para S. serovar Enteritidis. Los films biodegradables de arrurruz incorporados con extracto floral de Tabebuia impetiginosa y sulfato de cobre mostraron buena biodegradabilidad física, fisicoquímica y potencial actividad antibacteriana.Filmes biodegradáveis ​​de amido de araruta foram incorporados com extrato floral de Tabebuia impetiginosa e sulfato de cobre e determinados quanto às propriedades físicas, físico-químicas, biodegradabilidade e antibacteriana. Os filmes foram produzidos a partir de amido de araruta com diferentes concentrações de glicerol, extrato floral e solução de sulfato de cobre. Espessura, umidade, solubilidade, biodegradabilidade, colorimetria de vapor d'água, densidade de cor, transparência, FT-IR e testes de atividade antibacteriana foram realizados para Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella sorovar Thyphymurium e sorovar Enteritidis. Os filmes tinham espessura entre 0,23-0,33 mm, umidade entre 8,53-12,22%, biodegradabilidade entre 88,98-100%, vapor d'água entre 255,79-433,57 g m2 dia, L* entre 4,77-22,36; a * entre -1,20 a 0,30; b * entre -1,89 a 0,13; densidade de cor entre -0,09 a 0,180; transparência máxima de 80%, atividade de inibição entre 9,13-26,26 mm para E. coli, 5,83-24,14 mm para S. aureus, 13-42-19,39 mm para S. serovar Thyphymurium e 22,14-26,89 mm para S. serovar Enteritidis. Os filmes biodegradáveis ​​de araruta incorporados com extrato floral de Tabebuia impetiginosa e sulfato de cobre apresentaram boa capacidade física, físico-química, biodegradabilidade e potencial atividade antibacteriana

Desenvolvimento e avaliação de embalagem biodegradável a partir do arilo do fruto de Hymenaea stigonocarpa

Os frutos de Hymenaea stigonocarpa possuem estrutura fibrosa doce e amilácea usada como alimento entre os animais selvagens e o homem no campo. No presente estudo, foram investigadas as propriedades físico-químicas, ópticas, microestruturais e antibacterianas do filme de arilo do fruto. A solução amilácea foi obtida a partir do arilo. O filme biodegradável foi preparado de acordo com a técnica de “Casting”. Foram avaliadas as características físico-químicas de espessura (mm), umidade (%), solubilidade em água (%), tempo de biodegradabilidade e transmitância (T%). Foi avaliada a morfologia por micrografia óptica e eletrônica de varredura, modelagem matemática em 3D, e para os parâmetros mecânicos de resistência e propriedades biológicas sobre a atividade antibacteriana. Os resultados obtidos para o filme biodegradável foram coloração marrom-amarelada, aroma e homogeneidade, espessura 0,27 mm, umidade 12,45%, solubilidade em água 57,48%, biodegradabilidade 100%, transmitância máxima 82,25 (T%), pequenas imperfeições e pequenas trincas. A modelagem matemática 3D exibiu resultado surpreendente no auxílio do imageamento. As características mecânicas para tensão máxima 3,17 N, tensão de ruptura 1,34 MPa, alongamento 2,99% e elasticidade com 90,07 MPa. O filme bioativo do arilo de Hymenaea stigonocarpa apresentou atividade antibacteriana contra Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli e Enterococcus faecalis.The fruits of Hymenaea stigonocarpa have a sweet, starchy fibrous structure used as food among wild animals and man in the field. In the present study, the physical, physicochemical, optical, microstructural, and antibacterial properties of aryl (H. stigonocarpa) film were investigated. The amylaceous solution was obtained from the aryl of H. stigonocarpa, the biodegradable film was prepared according to the casting technique. The physicochemical characteristics for thickness (mm), humidity (%), water solubility (%), biodegradability time, and transmittance (T%) were evaluated. Morphology by optical micrographic, and scanning electron, mathematical modeling in 3D, and for the mechanical parameters of tensile strength, maximum tension, elongation, and elasticity module, and biological properties on antibacterial activity (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis). The results obtained for the biodegradable film were a brown-yellow color, aroma, and homogeneity, thickness 0.27 mm, humidity 12.45%, solubility in water 57.48%, the biodegradability of 100%, maximum and minimum transmittance 82.25, and 1.32 (T%), in the optical micrograph small imperfections were observed, and in the scanning electron micrograph small cracks. The mathematical modeling in 3D presented a surprising result, which is an important device in the aid of imaging. The mechanical characteristics for maximum tension 3.17 N, rupture stress 1.34 MPa, elongation 2.99% and elasticity with 90.07 MPa presented satisfactory results comparable to other biodegradable films of native starch. The bioactive film of the aryl (H. stigonocarpa) showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus 7 mm, Escherichia coli 5 mm, and Enterococcus faecalis 8 mm. Biodegradable packaging from Hymenaea stigonocarpa aryl has great potential for use as a food packaging

Iron abundance in HII regions

Optical CCD spectra are used to determine the Fe abundances at several positions inside seven bright Galactic HII regions. The observed [FeIII] line ratios are compared with the predictions of different sets of collision strengths and transition probabilities for this ion to select the atomic data providing the best fit to the observations. The values found for the Fe++ and Fe+ abundances, along with ionization correction factors for the contribution of Fe3+, obtained from available grids of photoionized models, imply that the Fe/O ratio in the ionized gas is between 2% and 30% of solar. The Fe abundances derived for each area are correlated both with the degree of ionization and the colour excess. A possible explanation is suggested, namely the presence of a population of small grains, probably originating from the fragmentation of larger grains. These small grains would release Fe atoms into the gas after the absorption of energetic photons; the small grains surviving this destruction process would be swept out of the ionized region by the action of radiation pressure or stellar winds. An indication of a further and more efficient destruction agent is given by the high Fe abundance derived for a position sampling the optical jet H399 in M20, where dust destruction due to shock waves has presumably taken place.Comment: A&A, accepted for publication, 12 page

The Gaia-ESO Survey: Empirical determination of the precision of stellar radial velocities and projected rotation velocities

Context. The Gaia-ESO Survey (GES) is a large public spectroscopic survey at the European Southern Observatory Very Large Telescope. Aims. A key aim is to provide precise radial velocities (RVs) and projected equatorial velocities (v sin i) for representative samples of Galactic stars, which will complement information obtained by the Gaia astrometry satellite. Methods. We present an analysis to empirically quantify the size and distribution of uncertainties in RV and v sin i using spectra from repeated exposures of the same stars. Results. We show that the uncertainties vary as simple scaling functions of signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and v sin i, that the uncertainties become larger with increasing photospheric temperature, but that the dependence on stellar gravity, metallicity and age is weak. The underlying uncertainty distributions have extended tails that are better represented by Student's t-distributions than by normal distributions. Conclusions. Parametrised results are provided, which enable estimates of the RV precision for almost all GES measurements, and estimates of the v sin i precision for stars in young clusters, as a function of S/N, v sin i and stellar temperature. The precision of individual high S/N GES RV measurements is 0.22-0.26 kms-1, dependent on instrumental configuration

Prospecção fitoquímica, físico-química e atividades biológicas do extrato etanólico floral de Miconia chamissois Naudin (Melastomataceae)

Miconia chamissois Naudin is one of the numerous plant species included in the Melastomataceae family, inhabiting areas of natural vegetation in the Cerrado domain. This species presents a typical seasonal event and regular annual cycle with white and aromatic flowers. The study aimed to evaluate the floral ethanol extract of M. chamissois as to its phytochemical composition, physicochemical and biological activities. The ethanol extract was produced by maceration and phytochemical, physicochemical and biological tests were carried out using different methodologies. The results presented in this study demonstrate that M. chamissois is a promising species in the search for biologically active compounds, where it presented considerable numbers of phytochemical classes, expressive total flavonoid and phenolic contents, as well as photoprotection, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Future work should focus on the floral ethanol extract of M. chamissois to determine other biological actions in vitro and ex vitro.Miconia chamissois Naudin é uma das inúmeras espécies vegetais incluídas na família Melastomataceae, habitando áreas de vegetação natural no domínio Cerrado. Esta espécie apresenta evento sazonal típico e ciclo anual regular, com flores brancas e aromáticas. O estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o extrato etanólico floral de M. chamissois quanto a sua composição fitoquímica, físico-química e atividades biológicas. O extrato etanólico foi produzido por maceração e os ensaios fitoquímicos, físico-químicos e biológicos realizados por diferentes metodologias. Os resultados apresentados neste estudo demonstram que M. chamissois é uma espécie promissora na busca de compostos biologicamente ativos, onde apresentou consideráveis números de classes fitoquímicas, conteúdos de flavonoides e fenólicos totais expressivos, bem como atividades de fotoproteção, antioxidante, anti-inflamatória, antimicrobiana e citotóxica. Trabalhos futuros deverão concentrar-se sobre o extrato etanólico floral de M. chamissois para determinar outras ações biológicas in vitro e ex vitro

The Gaia-ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey: Motivation, implementation, GIRAFFE data processing, analysis, and final data products

Context. The Gaia-ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey is an ambitious project designed to obtain astrophysical parameters and elemental abundances for 100 000 stars, including large representative samples of the stellar populations in the Galaxy, and a well-defined sample of 60 (plus 20 archive) open clusters. We provide internally consistent results calibrated on benchmark stars and star clusters, extending across a very wide range of abundances and ages. This provides a legacy data set of intrinsic value, and equally a large wide-ranging dataset that is of value for the homogenisation of other and future stellar surveys and Gaia's astrophysical parameters. Aims. This article provides an overview of the survey methodology, the scientific aims, and the implementation, including a description of the data processing for the GIRAFFE spectra. A companion paper introduces the survey results. Methods. Gaia-ESO aspires to quantify both random and systematic contributions to measurement uncertainties. Thus, all available spectroscopic analysis techniques are utilised, each spectrum being analysed by up to several different analysis pipelines, with considerable effort being made to homogenise and calibrate the resulting parameters. We describe here the sequence of activities up to delivery of processed data products to the ESO Science Archive Facility for open use. Results. The Gaia-ESO Survey obtained 202 000 spectra of 115 000 stars using 340 allocated VLT nights between December 2011 and January 2018 from GIRAFFE and UVES. Conclusions. The full consistently reduced final data set of spectra was released through the ESO Science Archive Facility in late 2020, with the full astrophysical parameters sets following in 2022. A companion article reviews the survey implementation, scientific highlights, the open cluster survey, and data products

The Gaia-ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey: Implementation, data products, open cluster survey, science, and legacy

Context. In the last 15 years different ground-based spectroscopic surveys have been started (and completed) with the general aim of delivering stellar parameters and elemental abundances for large samples of Galactic stars, complementing Gaia astrometry. Among those surveys, the Gaia-ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey, the only one performed on a 8m class telescope, was designed to target 100 000 stars using FLAMES on the ESO VLT (both Giraffe and UVES spectrographs), covering all the Milky Way populations, with a special focus on open star clusters. Aims. This article provides an overview of the survey implementation (observations, data quality, analysis and its success, data products, and releases), of the open cluster survey, of the science results and potential, and of the survey legacy. A companion article reviews the overall survey motivation, strategy, Giraffe pipeline data reduction, organisation, and workflow. Methods. We made use of the information recorded and archived in the observing blocks; during the observing runs; in a number of relevant documents; in the spectra and master catalogue of spectra; in the parameters delivered by the analysis nodes and the working groups; in the final catalogue; and in the science papers. Based on these sources, we critically analyse and discuss the output and products of the Survey, including science highlights. We also determined the average metallicities of the open clusters observed as science targets and of a sample of clusters whose spectra were retrieved from the ESO archive. Results. The Gaia-ESO Survey has determined homogeneous good-quality radial velocities and stellar parameters for a large fraction of its more than 110 000 unique target stars. Elemental abundances were derived for up to 31 elements for targets observed with UVES. Lithium abundances are delivered for about 1/3 of the sample. The analysis and homogenisation strategies have proven to be successful; several science topics have been addressed by the Gaia-ESO consortium and the community, with many highlight results achieved. Conclusions. The final catalogue will be released through the ESO archive in the first half of 2022, including the complete set of advanced data products. In addition to these results, the Gaia-ESO Survey will leave a very important legacy, for several aspects and for many years to come

Physics case for an LHCb Upgrade II - Opportunities in flavour physics, and beyond, in the HL-LHC era

The LHCb Upgrade II will fully exploit the flavour-physics opportunities of the HL-LHC, and study additional physics topics that take advantage of the forward acceptance of the LHCb spectrometer. The LHCb Upgrade I will begin operation in 2020. Consolidation will occur, and modest enhancements of the Upgrade I detector will be installed, in Long Shutdown 3 of the LHC (2025) and these are discussed here. The main Upgrade II detector will be installed in long shutdown 4 of the LHC (2030) and will build on the strengths of the current LHCb experiment and the Upgrade I. It will operate at a luminosity up to 2×1034 cm−2s−1, ten times that of the Upgrade I detector. New detector components will improve the intrinsic performance of the experiment in certain key areas. An Expression Of Interest proposing Upgrade II was submitted in February 2017. The physics case for the Upgrade II is presented here in more depth. CP-violating phases will be measured with precisions unattainable at any other envisaged facility. The experiment will probe b → sl+l−and b → dl+l− transitions in both muon and electron decays in modes not accessible at Upgrade I. Minimal flavour violation will be tested with a precision measurement of the ratio of B(B0 → μ+μ−)/B(Bs → μ+μ−). Probing charm CP violation at the 10−5 level may result in its long sought discovery. Major advances in hadron spectroscopy will be possible, which will be powerful probes of low energy QCD. Upgrade II potentially will have the highest sensitivity of all the LHC experiments on the Higgs to charm-quark couplings. Generically, the new physics mass scale probed, for fixed couplings, will almost double compared with the pre-HL-LHC era; this extended reach for flavour physics is similar to that which would be achieved by the HE-LHC proposal for the energy frontier