Infecção natural por tripanosomatídeos (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) em Lutzomyia umbratilis (Diptera: Psychodidae) em áreas de leishmaniose tegumentar americana no Amazonas, Brasil

Durante o período de 2002 a 2003 foram realizadas coletas de flebotomíneos em duas áreas do estado do Amazonas (Base de treinamento militar - BI1 e Tarumã Mirim). Nessas coletas foram capturadas um total de 1.440 fêmeas de Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) umbratilis. Lu.umbratilis é a principal responsável pela transmissão da Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana (LTA) ao norte do Rio Amazonas. Do total coletado apenas 15 espécimens (ou 1,04%) apresentaram infecção natural por tripanosomatídeos, sendo 12 na BI1 e 3 em Tarumã-Mirim. Isso representou uma taxa de infecção de 1,66% (12 dos 720 capturados em BI1) e 0,42% (3 dos 720 em Tarumã-Mirim). Estes resultados confirmam as informações prévias por outros autores de reduzidos valores de infecção natural por tripanosomatídeos em flebotomíneos, mesmo em áreas altamente endêmicas para leishmaniose.During the period of 2002 to 2003, there were collected sand flies in two areas of Amazon State (Forest Combat Training Base - BI1 and Tarumã-Mirim). Were collected the 1440 L. (Nyssomyia) umbratilis female. Lu. umbratilis is the main responsible for the transmission of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) in the northern of Amazon River. Only 15 specimens (or 1,04%) presented natural infection with trypanosomatids, being 12 at Bl1 and 3 at Tarumã-Mirim. The infection rate was 1,66% (12 of the 720 collected at BI1) and 0,42% (3 of the 720 at Tarumã-Mirim). These results confirm the previous informations described by other authors that insects have low rates of natural infection by trypanosomatids even in high endemic areas for Leishmaniasis

Green Tea And Glycine Aid In The Recovery Of Tendinitis Of The Achilles Tendon Of Rats

Purpose: Green tea (GT) is widely used due to its anti-inflammatory properties. Previous studies have shown beneficial effects of a glycine diet on the remodeling process in inflamed tendons. Tendinitis is commonly observed in athletes and is of concern to surgeons due to the slowness of the recovery process. Our hypothesis is that GT + a glycine diet may improve tendinitis. Aim of the study: To analyze the effect of GT and/or glycine in the diet on tendinitis. Materials and methods: Wistar rats were divided into seven groups (G): control group (C); G1 and G4, tendinitis; G2 and G5, tendinitis supplied with GT; and G3 and G6, tendinitis supplied with GT and a glycine diet for 7 or 21 days, respectively. We performed zymography for metalloproteinase, biochemical, morphological and biomechanics tests. Results: G2, G3 and G5 showed high levels of hydroxyproline in relation to G1, while G4 showed high levels of glycosaminoglycans. High activity of metalloproteinase-2 was detected in G3. The organization of collagen bundles was better in G2 and G3. G5 showed similar birefringence measurements compared with C. G5 withstood a larger load compared with G4. Conclusions: The presence of metalloproteinase-2 indicates that a tissue is undergoing a remodeling process. High birefringence suggests a better organization of collagen bundles. After 21 days, G5 sustained a high load before rupture, unlike G4. The results suggest that GT + a glycine diet has beneficial effects that aid in the recovery process of the tendon after tendinitis.5615058Järvinem, T.A.H., Kannus, P., Maffulli, N., Khan, K.M., Achilles tendon disorders: Etiology and epidemiology (2005) Foot Ankle Clin N Am, 10, pp. 255-266Ruschel, C., Menezes, F.S., Haupenthal, A., Hubert, M., Schutz, G.R., Cerutti, P.R., Pereira, S.M., Roesler, H., Incidência de lesões em velejadores brasileiros de diferentes níveis técnicos (2009) Rev Bras Med Esporte, 15, pp. 4-10Fung, D.T., Want, V.M., Andarawis-Puri, N., Basta-Pljakic, J.B., Li, Y., Laudier, D.M., Sun, H.B., Flatow, E.L., Early response to tendon fatigue damage accumulation in a novel in vivo model (2010) J Biomech, 43, pp. 274-279Adcocks, C., Collin, P., Buttle, D.J., Catechins from green tea (Camellia sinensis) inhibit bovine and human cartilage proteoglycan and type II collagen degradation in vitro (2002) J Nutr, 132, pp. 341-346Kongsgaard, M., Aagaard, P., Kjaer, M., Magnusson, S.P., Structural Achilles tendon properties in athletes subjected to different exercise modes and in Achilles tendon ruptures (2005) J Appl Physiol, 99, pp. 1965-1971Maffulli, N., Renstrom, P., Leadbetter, W.B., (2005) Tendon Injuries: Basic Science and Clinical Medicine, , London: Springer-Verlag London LimitedBenjamin, M., Kaiser, E., Milz, S., Structure-function relationships in tendons: A review (2008) J Anat, 212, pp. 211-228Guerra, F.D.R., Vieira, C.P., Almeida, M.S., Oliveira, L.P., De Aro, A.A., Pimentel, E.R., LLLT improves tendon healing through increase of MMP activity and collagen synthesis (2013) Lasers Med Sci, 28, pp. 1281-1288Hosaka, Y., Teraoka, H., Yamamoto, E., Ueda, H., Takehana, K., Mechanism of cell death in inflamed superficial digital flexor tendon in the horse (2005) J Comp Path, 132, pp. 51-58Vieira, C.P., Aro, A.A., Almeida, M.S., De Mello, G.C., Antunes, E., Pimentel, E.R., Effects of acute inflammation induced in the rat paw on the deep digital flexor tendon (2012) Connect Tissue Res, 53, pp. 160-168James, R., Kesturu, G., Balian, G., Chhabra, B., Tendon: Biology, biomechanics, repairs, growth factors and evolving treatment options (2008) J Hand Surg, 33, pp. 102-112Clark, K.L., Nutritional considerations in joint health (2007) Clin Sports Med, 26, pp. 101-118Sharangi, A.B., Medicinal and therapeutic potentialities of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) - A review (2009) Food Res Int, 42, pp. 529-535Basu, A., Du, M., Sanchez, K., Leyva, M.J., Betts, N.M., Blevins, S., Wu, M., Lyons, T.J., Green tea minimally affects biomarkers of inflammation in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome (2011) Nutrition, 27, pp. 206-213El-Mowawfy, A.M., Al-Gayyar, M.M., Salem, H.A., El-Mesery, M.E., Darweish, M.M., Novel chemotherapeutic and renal protective effects for the green tea (EGCG): Role of oxidative stress and inflammatory-cytokine signaling (2010) Phytomedicine, 17, pp. 1067-1075Singh, R., Ahmed, S., Islam, N., Goldberg, V.M., Haqqi, T.M., Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits interleukin-1beta-induced expression of nitric oxide synthase and production of nitric oxide in human chondrocytes: Suppression of nuclear factor kappaB activation by degradation of the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (2002) Arthritis Rheum, 46, pp. 2079-2086Ahmed, S., Rahman, A., Hasnain, A., Lalonde, M., Goldberg, V.M., Haqqi, T.M., Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits the IL-1 beta-induced activity and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and nitric oxide synthase-2 in human chondrocytes (2002) Free Radic Biol Med, 33, pp. 1097-1105Ahmed, S., Wang, N., Lalonde, M., Goldberg, V.M., Haqqi, T.M., Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) differentially inhibits interleukin-1 beta-induced expression of matrix metallo-proteinase-1 and -13 in human chondrocytes (2004) J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 308, pp. 767-773Hartog, A., Leenders, I., Van Der Kraan, P.M., Garssen, J., Anti-inflamatory effects of orally ingested lactoferrin and glycine in different zymosan-induced inflammation models: Evidence for synergistic activity (2007) Int Immunipharmacol, 7, pp. 1784-1792Stoffels, B., Türles, A., Schmidt, J., Nazir, A., Tsukamoto, T., Moore, B.A., Schunurr, C., Bauer, A.J., Anti-inflammatory role of glycine in reducing rodent postoperative inflammatory ileus (2011) Neurogastroenterol Motil, 23, pp. 76-87Weeler, M.D., Ikejema, K., Enomoto, N., Stacklewitz, F., Seabra, V., Zhong, Z., Bradford, B., Thurman, R.G., Glycine: A new anti-inflammatory immunonutrient (2009) Cell Mol Life Sci, 56, pp. 843-856Vieira, C.P., De Oliveira, L.P., Guerra, F.D., Almeida, M.S., Citra-Marcondes, M.C., Pimentel, E.R., Glycine improves biochemical and biomechanical properties following inflammation of the Achilles tendon (2014) Anat Rec (Hoboken), , Epub ahead of printWang, W., Wu, Z., Dai, Z., Yang, Y., Wang, J., Wu, G., Glycine metabolism in animals and humans: Implications for nutrition and health (2013) Amino Acids, 45, pp. 463-477Marsolais, D., Cote, C.H., Frenette, J., Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug reduces neutrophil and macrophage accumulation but does not improve tendon regeneration (2003) Lab Invest, 83, pp. 991-999Lake, S.P., Ansorge, H.L., Soslowsky, L.J., Animal models of tendinopathy (2008) Disabil Rehabil, 30, pp. 1530-1541Amra Perva-Uzunalic, A., Mojca, S., Kerget, Z., Eljko, K., Bernd, W., Frank, O., Gruner, S., Extraction of active ingredients from green tea (Camellia sinensis): Extraction efficiency of major catechins and caffeine (2006) Food Chem, 96, pp. 597-605Reeves, P.G., Nielsen, F.H., Fahey, J., AIN-93 purified diets for laboratory rodents: Final report of the American Institute of Nutrition ad hoc writing committee on the reformulation of the AIN-76 rodent diet (1993) J Nutr, 123, pp. 1939-1951Heinergard, D., Sommarin, Y., Isolation and characterization of proteoglycans (1987) Methods Enzymol, 144, pp. 319-373Bradford, M.M., A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding (1976) Anal Biochem, 72, pp. 248-254Farndale, R.W., Buttle, D.J., Barret, A.J., Improved quantitation and discrimination of sulphated glycosaminoglycans by use of dimethylmethyleneblue (1986) Biochim Biophys Acta, 883, pp. 173-177Stegemann, H., Stalder, K., Determination of hydroxyproline (1967) Clin Chim Acta, 18, pp. 267-273Marqueti, R.C., Parizotto, N.A., Chriguer, R.S., Perez, S.E.A., Selistre-De-Araujo, H.S., Androgenic-anabolic steroids associated with mechanical loading inhibit matrix metallopeptidase activity and affest the remodeling of the achilles tendon in rats (2006) Am J Sports Med, 34, pp. 1274-1280Vidal, B.C., Mello, M.L.S., Optical anisotropy of collagen fibers of rat calcaneal tendons: An approach to spatially resolved supramolecular organization (2010) Acta Histochem, 112, pp. 53-61Vidal, B.C., Volpe, P.L.O., Differential scanning calorimetry and optical properties of collagen-dichroic azo ponceau SS complexes (2005) Braz J Morphol Sci, 22, pp. 149-153Almeida, F.M., Tomiosso, T.C., Nakagaki, W.R., Gomes, L., Matiello-Rosa, S.M.G., Pimentel, E.R., Effects of passive stretching on the biochemical and biomechanical properties of calcaneal tendon of rats (2009) Connect Tissue Res, 50, pp. 279-284Dahlgren, L.A., Pathology of tendon and ligament injuries (2007) Clin Tech Equine Pract, 6, pp. 168-173Vieira, C.P., De Aro, A.A., Da Ré Guerra, F., De Oliveira, L.P., De Almeida Mdos, S., Pimentel, E.R., Inflammatory process induced by carrageenan in adjacent tissue triggers the acute inflammation in deep digital flexor tendon of rats (2013) Anat Rec (Hoboken), 296, pp. 1187-1195Piez, K.A., Reddi, A.H., Extracellular matrix biochemistry (1984) Molecular and Aggregate Structures of the Collagens, , Piez KA, Reddi AH, eds. New York, NY: ElsevierMarcos, R.L., Leal-Junior, E.C., Arnold, G., Magnenet, V., Rahouadj, R., Wang, X., Demeurie, F., Lopes-Martins, R.Á., Low-level laser therapy in collagenase-induced Achilles tendinitis in rats: Analyses of biochemical and biomechanical aspects (2012) J Orthop Res, 30, pp. 1945-1951Comper, W.D., (1996) Extracellular Matrix: Molecular Components and Interactions, , Harwood: Academic PublishersNakamura, N., Hart, D.A., Boorman, R.S., Kaneda, Y., Shrive, N.G., Marchuk, L.L., Shino, K., Frank, C.B., Decorin antisense gene therapy improves functional healing of early rabbit ligament scar with enhanced collagen fibrillogenesis in vivo (2000) J Orthop Res, 18, pp. 517-523Alimohamad, H., Habijanac, T., Larjava, H., Häkkinen, L., Colocalization of the collagen-binding proteoglycans decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin and lumican with different cells in human gengiva (2005) J Periodontal Res, 40, pp. 73-86Watanabe, T., Hosaka, Y., Yamamoto, E., Ueda, H., Sugawara, K., Takahashi, H., Takehana, K., Control of the collagen fibril diameter in the equine superficial digital flexor tendon in horses by decorin (2005) J Vet Med Sci, 67, pp. 855-860Snoek-Van Beurden, P.A., Von Den Hoff, J.W., Zymographic techniques for the analysis of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors (2005) Biotechniques, 38, pp. 73-83Almeida Mdos, S., De Aro, A.A., Fdar, G., Vieira, C.P., De Campos Vidal, B., Pimentel, E.R., Electroacupuncture increases the concentration and organization of collagen in the tendon healing model in rats (2012) Connect Tissue Res, 53, pp. 542-547Aro, A.A., Nishan, U., Perez, M.O., Rodrigues, R.A., Foglio, M.A., Carvalho, J.E., Gomes, L., Pimentel, E.R., Structural and biochemical alterations during the healing process of tendons treated with Aloe vera (2012) Life Sci, 91, pp. 885-893De Oliveira, L.P., Vieira, C.P., Guerra Fda, R., De Almeida Mdos, S., Pimentel, E.R., Statins induce biochemical changes in the Achilles tendon after chronic treatment (2013) Toxicology, 311, pp. 162-168Clutterbuck, A.L., Harris, P., Allaway, D., Mobasheri, A., Matrix metalloproteinases in inflammatory pathologies of the horse (2010) Vet J, 183, pp. 27-38Chakraborti, S., Mandal, M., Das, S., Mandal, A., Chakraborti, T., Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases: An overview (2003) Mol Cell Biochem, 253, pp. 269-285Cundall, M., Sun, Y., Miranda, C., Trudeau, J.B., Barnes, S., Wenzel, S.E., Neutrophil-derived matrix metalloproteinase-9 is increased in severe asthma and poorly inhibited by glucocorticoids (2003) J Allergy Clin Immunol, 112, pp. 1064-1071Guerra Fda, R., Vieira, C.P., Dos Santos De Almeida, M., Oliveira, L.P., Claro, A.C., Simões, G.F., De Oliveira, A.L., Pimentel, E.R., Pulsed LLLT improves tendon healing in rats: A biochemical, organizational and functional evaluation (2014) Lasers Med Sci, 29, pp. 805-811Aparecida De Aro, A., Vidal Bde, C., Pimentel, E.R., Biochemical and anisotropical properties of tendons (2012) Micron, 43, pp. 205-214Child, S., Bryant, A.L., Clark, R.A., Crossley, K.M., Mechanical properties of the Achilles tendon aponeurosis are altered in athletes with Achilles tendinopathy (2010) Am J Sports Med, 38, pp. 1885-1893Wang, J.H.C., Guo, Q., Li, B., Tendon biomechanics and mechanobiology - A minireview of basic concepts and recent advancement (2012) J Hand Ther, 25, pp. 133-141Riley, G., Tendinopathy - From basic science to treatment (2008) Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol, 4, pp. 82-89De Mos, M., Van El, B., De Groot, J., Jahr, H., Van Schie, H.T., Van Arkel, E.R., Tol, H., Verhaar, J.A., Achilles tendinosis: Changes in biochemical composition and collagen turnover rate (2007) Am J Sports Med, 35, pp. 1549-1556Aro, A.A., Simões, G.F., Esquisatto, M.A., Foglio, M.A., Carvalho, J.E., Oliveira, A.L., Pimentel, E.R., Arrabidaea chica extract improves gait recovery and changes collagen content during healing of the Achilles tendon (2013) Injury, 44, pp. 884-89

Understanding the effect of sex on energy requirements of hair sheep

Differences and/or similarities in the influence of sex class for hair sheep requirements remain inconclusive. Knowledge of energy requirements allows well-formulated diets to be provided which is crucial for improving animal production. We aimed to determine the effect of sex class on the net energy requirements of growing hair sheep in a multi-study approach. We used a data set composed of individual measurements of 382 hair sheep (299 non-castrated and 83 castrated males) from 11 studies that used the methodology of comparative slaughter. Net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm) were obtained by the regression between heat production and metabolizable energy intake. The metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance (MEm) were calculated by the iterative method, and the efficiency of use of metabolizable energy for maintenance (km) was obtained by NEm divided by MEm. The net energy requirements for gain (NEg) were estimated from retained energy (RE) against empty BW gain (EBWG). The efficiency of energy use for weight gain (kg) was obtained from the relationship between RE and the energy metabolizable intake for gain, removing the intercept. There was an effect of sex on NEg and two equations were generated: NEg (MJ/day) = 1.040 (±0.04055) × EBW0.75 × EBWG0.8767(±0.03293) and NEg (MJ/day) = 1.040 (±0.04055) × EBW0.75 × EBWG0.8300(±0.03468) (R2 = 0.86; MSE = 0.0037; AIC = −468.0) for non-castrated and castrated males, respectively. Sex class did not affect kg (P > 0.05) and one kg was generated (0.29). Sex did not affect kprotein (P = 0.14) and kfat (P = 0.32), assuming an average deposition efficiency of 0.27 for protein and 0.78 for fat. The NEm and MEm did not differ (P > 0.05) between sex classes, with a value of 0.272 and 0.427 MJ/kg0.75 EBW per day, respectively. The km observed was 0.64. In conclusion, non-castrated and castrated male hair sheep have similar maintenance energy requirements although energy requirements for gain differed among them. The Committees overestimate the gain and maintenance requirements for hair sheep. Therefore, the equations generated in this study are recommended

Undertreatment of pain and low use of opioids in Latin America

Pain is highly prevalent among the adult Latin American population. However, many patients with moderate to severe pain do not have access to effective pain management with opioids due to limited access to healthcare, overuse of nonopioid analgesics, regulatory barriers and lack of appropriate information about opioids. There is scarce training on use of opioids among physicians and other healthcare providers, which leads to misconceptions, mainly related to a fear of prescribing opioids. Although opioids are safe and effective drugs for the treatment of moderate to severe chronic pain, the use of opioids in Latin American nations is clearly below standards compared with developed countries

Undertreatment of pain and low use of opioids in Latin America

Pain is highly prevalent among the adult Latin American population. However, many patients with moderate to severe pain do not have access to effective pain management with opioids due to limited access to healthcare, overuse of nonopioid analgesics, regulatory barriers and lack of appropriate information about opioids. There is scarce training on use of opioids among physicians and other healthcare providers, which leads to misconceptions, mainly related to a fear of prescribing opioids. Although opioids are safe and effective drugs for the treatment of moderate to severe chronic pain, the use of opioids in Latin American nations is clearly below standards compared with developed countries

Interconexões entre Linguística Aplicada e práticas de atenção à saúde: linguagem e identidades na prevenção de DSTs/Aids entre travestis profissionais do sexo Interconnections between Applied Linguistics and health care practices: language and identity in the prevention of STDs / AIDS among transvestite sex workers

Este artigo propõe aproximar a Linguística Aplicada de um contexto pouco estudado nos estudos da linguagem no Brasil: a prevenção de DST/Aids. Com base em uma perspectiva não essencialista das relações entre linguagem e identidades sociais, discute-se a importância de atentarmos ao uso de linguagem nesse contexto e descreve-se a construção interacional de identidades em intervenções para distribuição de preservativos entre travestis que se prostituem em uma região urbana do sul do Brasil. Os dados indicam que, durante as intervenções, Sandra e Márcia, mulheres em gênero e sexo, engajam-se em interações nas quais utilizam intertextos identitários associados a identidades não tradicionais e, assim, produzem o efeito de adequação de suas identidades às travestis e ao contexto interacional onde se inserem. Argumenta-se que linguagem, identidade e intertextualidade são construtos fundamentais para entendermos esse contexto interacional e para o combate à disseminação de DST/Aids.<br>This paper proposes to approach Applied Linguistics to a little studied context in language studies in Brazil: the prevention of STD/AIDS. Based on a non-essentialist view of the relationship between language and social identities, it discusses the importance of minding the use of language in this context and describes the interactional construction of identities in interventions for distribution of condoms among transvestite prostitutes in an urban region of Southern Brazil. Data indicate that during the talks, Sandra and Marcia, female gender and sex, engage in interactions in which they use identity inter-texts associated with non-traditional identities and thus produce the effect of the adequacy of their identities to the transvestites and to the interactional context in which they operate. It argues that language, identity and inter-textuality are fundamental constructs to understand this interactional context and to address the spread of STD/AIDS