Deformation from symmetry for Schrodinger equations of higher order on unbounded domains

By means of a perturbation method recently introduced by Bolle, we discuss the existence of infinitely many solutions for a class of perturbed symmetric higher order Schrodinger equations with non-homogeneous boundary data on unbounded domains

Soft bounds on diffusion produce skewed distributions and Gompertz growth

Constraints can affect dramatically the behavior of diffusion processes. Recently, we analyzed a natural and a technological system and reported that they perform diffusion-like discrete steps displaying a peculiar constraint, whereby the increments of the diffusing variable are subject to configuration-dependent bounds. This work explores theoretically some of the revealing landmarks of such phenomenology, termed "soft bound". At long times, the system reaches a steady state irreversibly (i.e., violating detailed balance), characterized by a skewed "shoulder" in the density distribution, and by a net local probability flux, which has entropic origin. The largest point in the support of the distribution follows a saturating dynamics, expressed by the Gompertz law, in line with empirical observations. Finally, we propose a generic allometric scaling for the origin of soft bounds. These findings shed light on the impact on a system of such "scaling" constraint and on its possible generating mechanisms.Comment: 9 pages, 6 color figure

Exogenous underdevelopment pattern

The main dynamics of capitalism is the creation of overproduction in order to search for an internal and foreign market outlet. While increasing the overproduction, both the expansion process and the internationalization of consumption raise. The context just described leads to think about the existence of rich and emerging economies producing an excess of supply compared with their internal demand (net supply) that must be allocated to the poor economies showing an excess of demand compared with their internal supply (net demand). We are, after all, in the compensating structure of the world economy, where the poor countries are setting against the rich and emerging countries; these last two are in competition with each other. Besides, the poor countries absorb the surplus of the rich and emerging ones. The assertion of monetarism, in the last decades, encouraging the market outlets abroad to the detriment of the outlets towards the public sector, leads to stress the tensions between the advantaged and disadvantaged nations. This context makes more doubtful the future economical perspectives. The compensating structure of the world economy facilitates the exogenous nature of the underdevelopment of wide areas of the planet that are addressed to absorb the productive excesses of the advanced economies. The purpose of this current theoretical contribution is just to formalize, through an appropriate economical and mathematical pattern, the interdependence between the strong economical world and the weak economical world.Monetarism; Underdevelopment; Market outlet; Overproduction.

The convexity-cone approach to comparative risk and downside risk.

Based on Jewitt (1986) we try to find a characterization of comparative downside risk aversion and love. The desired characterizations involve the decomposition of the dual of the intersection of two convexity cones. The decomposition holds in the case of downside risk love, but not in the case of downside risk aversion. A counterexample is provided.Convexity cones; risk; downside risk; risk aversion; dual cones

A cognitive approach to individual learning: some experimental results

This study describe an experiment on individual learning in the domain of cognitive economics. The authors’ main goal is to observe and to describe how subjects elaborate rules and regularities in problem solving. Involved subjects are asked to choose between different scores related to an evaluation of some hypothetical exams. The game is repeated a wide number of times, sufficient to permit the emergence of accurately observable results. Results seem to show that subjects elaborate coherent rules in a path-dependent way; they manifest a tendency to consolidate these rules also when they are aware that they are wrong; and, at the same time, they exhibit an opposite predisposition not to confirm some rights rules.subliminal extant Smith economagic gmm

Vertical Separation with Private Contracts

We consider a manufacturer's incentive to sell through an independent retailer, rather than directly to final consumers, when contracts with retailers cannot be observed by competitors. If retailers conjecture that identical competing manufacturers always offer identical contracts (symmetry beliefs), vertical separation by all manufacturers is an equilibrium, and it results in higher consumers' prices and manufacturers' profits. Even with private contracts, vertically separated manufacturers reduce competition by inducing less aggressive behaviour by retailers in the final market. We characterize a condition for manufacturers' profits to be higher with private than with public contracts. Our results hold both with price and with quantity competition, and do not hinge on retailers' beliefs being perfectly symmetric.Delegation, vertical separation, private contracts, symmetry beliefs