Optimisation of a Nacelle Electro-Thermal Ice Protection System for Icing Wind Tunnel Testing

Abstract Aircraft are equipped with ice protection systems (IPS), to avoid, delay or remove ice accretion. Two widely used technologies are the thermo-pneumatic IPS and the electro-thermal IPS (ETIPS). Thermo-pneumatic IPS requires air extraction from the engine negatively affecting its performances. Moreover, in the context of green aviation, aircraft manufacturers are moving towards hybrid or fully electric aircraft requiring all electric on-board systems. In this work, an ETIPS has been designed and optimised to replace the nacelle pneumatic-thermal system. The aim is to minimise the power consumption while assuring limited or null ice formation and that the surface temperature remains between acceptable bounds to avoid material degradation. The design parameters were the length and heat flux of each heater. Runback ice formations and surface temperature were assessed by means of the in-house developed PoliMIce framework. The optimisation was performed using a genetic algorithm, and the constraints were handled through a linear penalty method. The optimal configuration required 33% less power with respect to the previously installed thermo-pneumatic IPS. Furthermore, engine performance is not affected in the case of the ETIPS. This energy saving resulted in an estimated reduction of specific fuel consumption of 3%, when operating the IPS in anti-icing mode

Il ruolo della fiducia nella distribuzione del farmaco

Trust has been studied in many different industries and settings because of its importance and influence in building successful relationships. It gains even more significance when dealing with credence services or in particular contexts, such as those in which one of the counterparts puts at stake something really important. There is no better example of a risky setting than the health care context. The study aims at analyzing the role played by multilayer trust (interpersonal and store trust) in the retail pharmacy, through two models estimation involving also satisfaction and trust consequences, as well as satisfaction antecedents. Results indicate that the core of a patient pharmacist/pharmacy relationship resides in three constructs: interpersonal trust, satisfaction and store trust. Particularly significant is the role played by interpersonal trust in determining satisfaction and, indirectly, store trust. Moreover, interesting managerial insights are given to better manage the relationship with customers

La galassia fondamentalista tra jihad armato e partecipazione politica

In the epoch of ISIS, terms such as fundamentalism, jihad or Islamism have entered the daily vocabulary. But what do they mean? Where do they originate? How much in them is religious utopia and how much political project? What is the place of violence? This volume, born out of an inter-disciplinary work interweaving Islamic studies, political sciences, philosophy and sociology, sets out to define in the first place the terms employed: political violence and civil life; Islamic fundamentalism; jihad. In its second part it sketches the relationship that Islamist movements established with the modern State in the Middle East, between armed contestation and political participation, both before and after the Arab revolutions of 2011. A third and last section is devoted to the evolution of contemporary jihadism, from al-Qaida to ISIS, in its operational and communication dimensions, with a special focus on the phenomenon in Italy and the responses of local Islamic communities as well as possible paths of de-radicalisation