Control of Heracleum sosnowskyi in Lithuania

Sosnovsky’s hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi) is a dangerous perennial, invasive alien plant in Lithuania. Control of this plant is complicated due to well-developed biological properties. To achieve efficient control of the species, it is crucial to choose highly efficient herbicides and their combinations. Field experiments, designed to compare the efficacy of different herbicides and their mixtures used to control Heracleum sosnowskyi, were conducted in 2016 and 2017 in Lithuania, Varnupiai (54° 29' 19.54", 23° 30' 45.9"), Marijampolė distr. The efficacy of the herbicides and their mixtures applied for Sosnovsky’s hogweed control was different. The use of both lower and higher rates of glyphosate did not have the expected result, as 4-6 weeks after application new plants started to emerge. A mixture of glyphosate with triasulfuron showed better effect. The efficacy of dicamba and its mixtures with fluroxypyr and triasulfuron, fluroxypyr, triasulfuron and their mixture, fluroxypyr + clopyralid + MCPA mixture depended on the experimental years’ meteorological conditions. In 2017, the effect of the above mentioned herbicides and their mixtures on Sosnovsky’s hogweed stood out 4-6 weeks after application. Both the smaller and higher rates of tribenuron-methyl + metsulfuronmethyl mixture gave effective control of Sosnovsky’s hogweed. The effect of fluroxypyr + metsulfuron-methyl mixture was more rapid, and 6 weeks after application only single plants remained in the plots

Changes of weed ecological groups under different organic mulches

The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the influence of different organic mulches and different thickness of mulch layer on weed ecological groups. The field experiment was carried out in the Pomological Garden of the Aleksandras Stulginskis University (54º53'N, 23º50'E). The soil type was Calc(ar)i-Endohypogleyic Luvisol (LVg-n-w-cc). Treatments of the experiment: factor A – mulching: 1) without mulch, 2) straw, 3) peat, 4) sawdust, 5) grass; factor B – thickness of the mulch layer: 1) 5 cm, 2) 10 cm.All investigated organic mulches decreased weed density by 2.7–10.3 times compared with non-mulched soil. The mulch layer of 10 cm thickness decreased the weed density better by 1.3–2.9 times compared with the 5-cm mulch layer. The highest amount of weeds belonged to species indifferent to soil pH, rich in nitrogen, moderately moist and moist soil. Organic mulches, not infected with weed seeds, decreased density of the mentioned weed ecological groups compared with no-mulching. On that score mulching with 10 cm thickness mulch layer was more effective than that with 5 cm thickness mulch layer. Qualitative distribution of weeds into ecological groups influenced by mulch and thickness of mulch layer was even, but the quantitative distribution was uneven.Key words: Ecological group, organic mulch, thickness of mulch layer, weedÄnderungen innerhalb ökologischer Gruppen von Unkräutern unter verschiedenem organischen MulchZusammenfassungZiel der Untersuchungen war die Bewertung des Einflusses von unterschiedlichem organischen Mulch bei unterschiedlicher Dicke der Auflagen auf die Verunkrautung. Die Untersuchungen wurden in den Jahren 2004 bis 2009 im Pomologischen Garten von der Aleksandras Stulginskis Universität (54º53'N, 23º50'E) durchgeführt. Die Bodenart war Calc(ar)i-Endohypogleyic Luvisol (LVg-n-w-cc). Die Versuchsvarianten waren: Faktor A – organischer Mulch: 1) ohne Mulch, 2) Winterweizenstroh, 3) Torf, 4) Sägemehl, 5) Gras; Faktor B – Mulchschichtdicke: 1) 5 cm, 2) 10 cm.Alle angewandten Mulchverfahren reduzierten die Unkrautdichte um das 2,7- bis 10,3-Fache im Vergleich mit nicht mit Mulch bedeckten Flächen. Mulchauflagen von 10 cm reduzierten die Unkrautdichte um den Faktor 1,3-2,9 im Vergleich mit Auflagen von 5 cm Mulch. Die höchste Unkrautdichte fand sich bei Boden-pH-, Stickstoff- und Feuchte-toleranten Unkrautarten. Organischer Mulch, nachweislich frei von Unkrautsamen, reduzierte in allen Fällen die Dichte der in Frage stehenden ökologischen Unkrautgruppen im Vergleich mit Flächen ohne Mulchauflage. In dieser Hinsicht waren 10 cm Mulchauflage in allen Fällen besser als nur 5 cm Mulchauflage. Die qualitative Verteilung innerhalb der ökologischen Gruppen der Unkräuter war unabhängig von Mulchart oder Dicke der Auflage immer ausgeglichen. Nicht ausgeglichen hingegen war die quantitative Verteilung.Stichwörter: Mulchschichtdicke, ökologische Gruppen, organischer Mulch, Unkrau

FUNGI AND MYCOTOXINS IN FRESH BEE POLLEN

The aim of the present study was to determine the concentration of microscopic fungi and selected mycotoxins in fresh bee pollen, stored for different periods. In the study, 12 pollen samples collected from the same apiary families were investigated. The total count of microorganisms in the pollen during the study period varied from 2.9×103 to 4.4×103 cfu g-1. The moisture content of fresh pollen varied between 14.2 and 22.7%. During studies, the most prevalent fungal genera of Fusarium, Penicillium, Alternaria, Mucor and yeast were found in fresh bee pollen. The amounts of microscopic fungi increased from 2.9×103 to 4.4×103 cfu g-1 as the pollen storage time increased. The significantly higest amounts of fungal colonies was determined after 3 days storage of undried pollen. The most significant Fusarium spp. increase (14.9%) was determined after 2 days of storage. The highest levels of mycotoxins ZEN and DON were determined after 3 days of pollen storage. Fresh bee pollen chould be dried as quickly as possible, to reduce the levels of microbial contamination

Nonchemical Weed Control in Winter Oilseed Rape Crop in the Organic Farming System

A field experiment was conducted during the 2014–2017 period at Aleksandras Stulginskis University (now—Vytautas Magnus University Agriculture Academy) on a Endocalcaric Endogleyic Luvisol (LV-can.gln) according to the WRB 2014. The three nonchemical weed control methods were explored: (1) thermal (using wet water steam), (2) mechanical (interrow loosening), and (3) self-regulation (smothering). In the thermal and mechanical weed control treatments, winter oilseed rape was grown with an interrow spacing of 48.0 cm and in weed smothering (self-regulation) treatment with an interrow spacing of 12.0 cm. Winter oilseed rape was grown in the soil with a regular humus layer (23–25 cm) and with a thickened humus layer (45–50 cm). Annual weeds predominated in the winter oilseed rape crop. In the soil with both humus layers, regular and thickened, the most efficient weed control method was mechanical weed management both during the autumn (efficacy 26.7–75.1%) and spring (efficacy 37.1–76.7%) growing seasons. Thermal and mechanical weed control in combination with the bio-preparations in droughty years significantly reduced the number of weed seedlings. Dry matter mass of weeds most markedly decreased through the application of the mechanical weed management method

Non-chemical weed control systems in organically grown spring oilseed rape

This study aims to determine the impact of different non-chemical weed control systems on organically grown spring oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) crop weediness and yield of seeds. Non-chemical weed control systems: 1) thermal (water steam), 2) mechanical (inter-row loosening), and 3) smothering (self-regulation). Thermal (1.5–1.8 times) and mechanical (2.5–6.8 times) weed control systems significantly reduced the number of weed seedlings in spring oilseed rape crop, compared with the weed smothering system. The most effective system of weed control in rape crop was mechanical (efficiency 30.9–75.5 %). Efficiency of thermal weed control system, compared with mechanical, was lower, 28.4–40.0 %. Before rape harvesting in plots where mechanical weed control was applied, compared with plots where weed smothering was used, the number of weeds was significantly 3.2–4.4 times lower, and dry matter mass of weeds was 2.2–3.1 times lower. The yield of rape seeds increased with increasing efficiency of thermal and mechanical weed control. In 2014, the yield of rape seeds depended on number of weed seedlings and dry matter mass of weeds before rape harvesting.Keywords: spring oilseed rape, weed control systems, weed, yield, organic farmin

The frequency and the morphonological principles of accentuation of adverbs

The adverb is the indeclinable and not inflective part of speech, who denotes the attribute of act, state, characteristic and different factors of act and state (place, time, reason, purpose and etc.). The adverb has the distinctive word-formation and derivation. Also the adverb has the distinctive accentuation. The accentuation of adverbs takes on a whole new dimension – morphonological dimension. Lithuanian language has the free accent, because of it morphonological features of morphemes determine the place of accent. There is an intensive interest in the frequency of different units of language now. Users has the possibility to use the Electronic Frequency Dictionary now. The base of this master‘s work are adverbs from Common Press Words of the 20th century: Electronic Frequency Dictionary (2004). There were more than 1200 adverbs in Electronic Frequency Dictionary. The derivatives of suffix -ai make about 67% of them. The mostly usable adverbs are these: dar, čia, dabar, daug, gerai, kaip, taip, daugiau, kur, kiek, ten, taip pat, vėl, jau, labai, todėl. The accentual domination of word-formation formants and the features of morphemes of underlying words determine the accentuation of adverbs derivatives. The accentual power of theme of underlying words and flexions and the attraction of flexions determine the accentuation of phrases (these phrases became adverbs) and the accentuation of other single adverbs. The short adverbs have the accent of underlying words.Švietimo akademijaVytauto Didžiojo universiteta

The integrated evaluation of the influence of catch crops and manure on spring barley agrocenosis in sustainable farming

Tyrimai atlikti 1999-2001 m. Lietuvos žemės ūkio universiteto bandymų stotyje. Dirvožemis - karbonatingas giliau glėjiškas išplautžemis (Calc(ar)i Epihy-pogleyic Luvisol). Tyrimų tikslas - ištirti integruoto vertinimo metodo panaudojimo galimybę, siekiant įvertinti tarpinių pasėlių žaliajai trąšai ir tręšimo mėšlu įtaką vasarinių miežių agrocenozei, taikant tausojamosios žemdirbystės sistemą. Pagal integruoto vertinimo rodiklius garstyčių bei rapsų tarpinių pasėlių žaliosios trąšos įtaka vasarinių miežių agrocenozei buvo didesnė nei dobilų bei svidrių tarpinių pasėlių žaliosios trąšos ir tręšimo mėšluField experiments were carried out during 1999-2001 at the Experimental Station of the Lithuanian University of Agriculture on a Caic(ar)i Epihypogleyic Luvisol. The aim of our work was to investigate the possibility to use the integrated evaluation method for estimation of the influence of catch crops for green manure and animal manure on spring barley agrocenosis in sustainable farming. The influence of white mustard and winter rape for green manure on barley agrocenosis, according to the calculated integrated evaluation indices, was stronger than that of red clover and common ryegrass for green manure and animal manureVytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij

Projektas „Lauko augalų technologinių parametrų optimizavimas tiksliojoje žemdirbystėje“. Nr. 1-PM-PV-13-2-008495-PR001. Vasarinių kviečių produktyvumo palyginimasįprastinės intensyviosios ir tiksliosios žemdirbystės sąlygomis

Vytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij

Projektas "Lauko augalų technologinių parametrų optimizavimas tiksliojoje žemdirbystėje" Nr. 1-PM-PV-13-2-008495-PR001 Įprastinės intensyviosios ir tiksliosios žemdirbystės technologijų palyginimas auginant vasarinius kviečius

Vytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij

Control of Heracleum sosnowskyi in the Lithuania

Sosnovskio barščio kontrolės eksperimentas atliktas 2016 m. Varluvoje (54°59'37.36", 23°55'12.38"), Kauno r., purškiant atskirus augalus herbicidais ir jų mišiniais (15 variantų). Didesnės glifosatų normos (2160, 2880 ir 3600 g ha-1) praėjus 14 d. po purškimo sunaikino Sosnovskio barščio lapus ir chlorofilo indeksas buvo nenustatytas. Praėjus 28 d. po purškimo augalai sunyko juos purškiant glifosatu 1440 g ha-1, glifosato 720 g ha-1 + dikambos 480 g ha-1, glifosato 720 g ha-1 + fluroksipiro 180 g ha-1, glifosato 720 g ha-1 + triasulfurono 4,0 g ha-1 bei triasulfurono 4,0 g ha-1 + fluroksipiro 90 g ha-1 mišiniaisControl experiment of Sosnowskyi's hogweed (Heracleum sosnowskyi) carried out at Varluva (54°59'37.36", 23°55'12.38") Kaunas region, in 2016 by spraying individual plants with sole herbicides and their mixtures. The experiment included 15 treatments: 1. Glyphosate 1,440 g ha-1, 2. Glyphosate 2,160 g ha-1, 3. Glyphosate 2,880 g ha-1, 4. Glyphosate 3,600 g ha-1, 5. Glyphosate 720 g ha-1 + dicamba 480 g ha-1, 6. Glyphosate 720 g ha-1 + fluroxypyr 60 g ha-1 + clopyralid 35 g ha-1 + MCPA 450 g ha-1, 7. Glyphosate 720 g ha-1 + fluroxypyr 180 g ha-1, 8. Glyphosate 720 g ha-1 triasulfuron + 4 g ha-1, 9. Dicamba 960 g ha-1, 10. Dicamba 480 g ha-1 + fluroxypyr 180 g ha-1, 11. Dicamba 480 g ha-1 + triasulfuron 4 g ha-1 12. Fluroxypyr 360 g ha-1, 13. Triasulfuron 8 g ha-1, 14. Fluroxypyr 120 g ha-1 + clopyralid 60 g ha-1 + MCPA 600 g ha-1, 15. Triasulfuron 4 g ha-1 + fluroxypyr 90 g ha-1. During the experiment every two weeks, five times during the growing season was estimated plant height (cm) and chlorophyll index before the spraying. It shows the intensity of photosynthesis, and hence the viability of the plant. In this article presented the changes of chlorophyll index. In the experiment the higher glyphosate rates (2,160; 2,880 and 3,600 g ha-1), 14 days after spraying destroyed Heracleum sosnowskyi leaves and was impossible to measure chlorophyll index. The plants were destroyed 28 days after spraying with glyphosate at the rate of 1,440 g ha-1, and with mixtures of glyphosate 720 g ha-1 + dicamba 480 g ha-1, glyphosate 720 g ha-1 + fluroxypyr 180 g ha-1, glyphosate 720 g ha-1 + triasulfuron 4 g ha-1, and triasulfuron 4 g ha-1 + fluroxypyr 90 g ha-1. Mixtures of glyphosate 720 g ha-1 + fluroxypyr 60 g ha-1 + clopyralid 35 g ha-1 + MCPA 450 g ha-1, dicamba 480 g ha-1 + fluroxypyr 180 g ha-1, fluroxypyr 120 g ha-1 + clopyralid 60 g ha-1 + MCPA 600 g ha-1, and sole dicamba 960 g ha-1 was not effective for Heracleum sosnowskyi controlVytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij