The Islamic State as a Potential Threat to the National Security of the People’s Republic of China

This paper is devoted to the analysis of the threat that the activities of the Islamic State may pose to the national security of China. The article briefly describes the history of the establishment of ISIS and the functioning of the organization. The author also analyses the issues of classification of Daesh as a specific subject of international relations. In the next part of the article, the problem of recruitment of foreign fighters into the ranks of IS is discussed. It seems that it is the Chinese Xinjiang terrorists, who have had a time of fighting in the ranks of ISIS, that may pose a major threat to internal security and foreign interests of the PRC. The research problems for which answers can be found in this work are questions about the nature of the possible threat that the Islamic State may pose to the PRC. Is this threat still relevant after the inevitable destruction of the IS in Syria and Iraq in 2019? The present research has been carried out using the analysis and synthesis of secondary research material in the form of scientific studies and source texts. The research will use the historical method and, to a lesser extent, the analogy and quantitative approach

Analysis of the Foreign Policy of the Country through its Determinants, Structure and Instruments: Potential Research Scenarios

The main objective of this article is to present potential research opportunities offered by the analysis of conditions, structure and instruments of the foreign policy of the country. The secondary objective is to present several potentially interesting research scenarios using the presented approach. For the purpose of these analyses, selected definitions of foreign policy functioning in the mainstream of Polish science (by leading researchers of international relations) and included in English-language publications of renowned foreign publishers will be presented. Then, the authors’ definition of foreign policy will be proposed based on these publications. In the following subsections there will be a presentation of selected elements of foreign policy analysis in the form of its determinants, structure and instruments. In their research, the authors used secondary research material in the form of scientific articles in Polish and English. The method used in the research is the method of content analysis

CHINA AND ASIAͳPACIFIC REGION IN CHINA’S MILITARY STRATEGY

The growing power of the PRC implies a change in the international and security policy of the country, and even the perception of the international environment by the members of the CPC. The White Paper of Defence, published every two years by the Ministry of National Defence of the People's Republic of China aims to explain the ongoing evolution. The present paper studies in depth the Chinese point of view of the potential challenges for security in the region of Asia and the Pacific

Ketamine in affective disorders – expectations and limitations

Classified as dissociative psychedelic, ketamine is a psychoactive agent whose exact mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. In human and veterinary medicine ketamine is administered during preoperative analgesia. In anesthesiology it is employed either during induction of complex anesthesia or rarely, as a mono-anesthetic agent implemented in short-time procedures that do not cause visceral pain. Hallucinations, nausea, vomiting and elevation of systemic and intracranial pressure may be listed among adverse drug reactions limiting the use of ketamine. Ketamine is believed to exert antidepressant effects by antagonizing N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), combined with its presumptive inhibitory action on noradrenaline and serotonin transporter. Unlike other antidepressants, requiring weeks to exert apparent effects, ketamine relieves depressive symptoms within hours from administration. First reports on ketamine efficacy in the treatment of depressive episode come from 2000. The use of ketamine appears to be beneficial in patients who have exhausted other possible pharmacotherapeutic options. Current data suggest that single ketamine infusion is suitable for patients with treatment-resistant unipolar or bipolar depression without psychotic features, and with no previous history of psychoactive substance abuse. The prospective therapeutical applications of ketamine in the treatment of affective disorders are promising, however, further comprehensive research is still required

Thermographic evaluation of lactate level in capillary blood during post-exercise recovery

Changes in body temperature and in the blood lactate concentration are typical symptoms of an organism’s reaction to effort. The aim of this work was to search for a relation between the temperature of the lower extremities and the blood lactate concentration. Sixteen non-training male subjects took part in the test (average age: 22.3±1.6 years). They performed maximum-height jumps from a fully knee-bent position for one minute. Their body temperature was measured by thermographic imaging and blood lactate concentration was determined at the beginning and throughout a thirty-minute recovery. An analysis of isotherms showed a strong dependence between the temperature of the front surface (FS) and back surface (BS) of the lower extremities (r=.83, p<.05). Immediately after exercise the temperature of the lower limbs decreased on average by about 1.44°C (p<.001) and then during the recovery period rose almost to the pre-exercise value. There was a significant negative correlation (r=-.29, p<.05) between the temperature of lower limbs and the blood lactate concentration, both for FS (r=-.22, p<.05) and BS (r=-.23, p<.05). The results show that a maximum anaerobic effort is accompanied by a substantial drop of the temperature on surface of engaged muscles and the degree of the drop is proportional to the blood lactate concentration

ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE OF SWIMMERS AFTER ALTITUDE TRAINING (2,300 M ABOVE SEA LEVEL) IN VIEW OF THEIR BLOOD MORPHOLOGY CHANGES

The aim of the study was to estimate changes in blood morphology caused by participation of record-seeking swimmers in a high altitude training camp at 2,300 m above sea level and to assess their performance during major competitions before and after the camp. Eight swimmers (two females and six males) - record-holders and medallists of the Polish National Championships, as well as finalists and medallists of the European and World Championships and the Olympic Games (including a two-time holder of the world record) - were recruited. During the 2006/2007 season the athletes attended a training camp organized according to the principle “live high and train high”. The camp lasted 23 days and consisted of three micro-cycles of training, each of them with specific training objectives. Before and after participation in the training camp erythrocyte (red blood cells; RBC) count, haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and haematocrit (Hct) were estimated at a hospital laboratory. Scores amassed by the examined athletes during major competitions were presented after their transformation into points based on the FINA (International Swimming Federation) tables for years 2005-2008. The best results (time for a distance) achieved during competitions organized before and after participation in the camp were regarded as reference points. Additionally, liquid balance of the body was monitored during 30 selected training units (15 in the morning and 15 in the evening). The response of the examined swimmers from the Polish Olympic Team to the high altitude training (at 2,300 m above sea level) was represented by an almost three-fold increase in blood reticulocyte count during the first micro-cycle of training as well as by an elevated erythrocyte count (by 14.4% and haemoglobin (by 13.5% and haematocrit (by 14.8% levels estimated after completion of the training, as compared to the results obtained before the camp. Six out of eight subjects improved their performance in major competitions organized after the training camp, and four of them broke their personal bests

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What you cannot get from routine MRI of MS patient and why – The growing need for atrophy assessment and seeing beyond the plaque

Multiple sclerosis is a disease that still has not been fully understood and calls for better diagnostic procedures for the improvement of everyday patient care and drug development. Routine magnetic resonance examinations reveal demyelinating focal lesions, but they do not correlate sufficiently with the patients’ disability and cognitive impairment. For more than 100 years it has been known that demyelination affects not only white but also grey matter of the brain. Recent research has confirmed the serious consequences of grey matter pathology. Over the last several years, atrophy of the brain and especially of its grey matter has become a most promising marker of the patients’ clinical status. The paper discusses the concept and importance of atrophy assessment in relation to the standard magnetic resonance results